“A Tale of Two Cities” by Charles Dickens Essay

Injustice is probably one of the oldest forms of hate known to man. Injustice can be found anywhere and in all forms of life. One of the most well known forms of injustice is slavery. Men and women of all ages and races suffer under slavery still to this day. Romania, for example, has been home to the unfortunate youth who are sold as prostitutes by their own parents! We all know that this is wrong, but society has driven us to not considering this as slavery, just cruelty. Obviously slavery is unjust, but some people to this date still do not know this because of the way they were brought up. However, what was once justified can, upon closer examination, be considered unjust. This was also the case during the revolution in France that began in 1789. Charles Dickens in â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities† described the many injustices that resulted from oppression in France. Injustice during the French Revolution affected everyone touched by it because the revolution claimed many victi ms on all sides. French peasants suffered, the aristocrats suffered, and innocent people suffered when the Revolution claims its victims. The unjust French government oppressed the poor peasants until they revolted in a bloody uprising. Everyone has a breaking point, and once it was reached, it was very hard to go back to a calm state. It was already bad that Marie Antoinette was using the tax money from the poor peasants to pay for her unnecessary dinner parties. Once Antoinette raised the taxes for that same purpose, it became unjust. This resulted in the beheading of Marie Antoinette. The wine was red wine, and had stained the ground of the narrow street in the suburb of Saint Antoine, in Paris, where it was spilled. It had stained many hands, too, and many faces, and many naked feet, and many wooden shoes. The hands of the man who sawed the wood, left red marks on the billets; and the forehead of the woman who nursed her baby, was stained with the stain of the old rag she wound about her head again. Those who had been greedy with the staves of the cask, had acquired a tigerish smear about the mouth; and one tall joker so besmirched, his head more out of a long squalid bag of a night-cap than in it, scrawled upon a wall with his finger dipped in muddy wine-lees–blood (Dickens 37). The wine, which symbolizes blood, was smeared everywhere. This showed how desperate the French were to find some nourishment, even if it meant slurping wine off the city streets. It was amazing how a calm day in France changed into first come first serve madness. Also, the raiding of the Bastille showed how little the peasants could tolerate before retaliating. In this massacre, the peasants overpowered the guards to set the famous landmark on fire. Next, the aristocrats suffer from the united peasants’ uncontrollable anger and violence. One may wonder how the aristocrats and the peasants suffered at the same time? Before the Revolution, the aristocrats had all the money and happiness, but as the Revolution progressed, this happiness gradually converted into fear. Once the peasants realized that they made up the majority, they took advantage of this. The peasants’ anger drove them to imprisoning and killing every rich person in sight. Innocent people were killed just because they were rich. Aristocrats had no chance of survival because they were hated most. Anyone who worked for the government or even believed in what it stood for lived in a life of fear. The Marquis from â€Å"A Tale of Two cities† was too ignorant to realize that his comments bothered the people. This angered the peasants along with how wealthy he was. But one didn’t have to be the Marquis to be punished. Any wealthy man returning to France could be considered an emigrant. For instance, Darnay, a wealthy man, was accused of being an emigrant, so he was immediately sent to prison. As you can see, even the wealthy had no protection under the crumbled government. Lastly, innocent people suffer as the Revolution burned out of control. Innocent people, which included relatives of those directly affected, suffer just because of the overgrown madness. A good example of this would be Lucie and her daughter Little Lucie. Madam Defarge (who was probably the biggest reactionary in the whole book) wanted the whole Manette family to suffer just because Darnay (the nephew of the Marquis) married into the family. Luckily, Little Lucie was not hurt, thanks to Mrs. Pross who put her own life on the line just to save the Manette family. Mrs. Pross, who lived a simple, quiet life, suffered partial deafness from the sound of a single gunshot. Many relatives of the aristocrats received death by the guillotine just because of their family ties and heritage. This was not right, but the people were blinded by their madness to even think about who they were killing and punishing. As illustrated, injustice during the French Revolution affected everyone touched by it because the Revolution claimed so many victims on all sides. Thousands of irreplaceable lives were taken during the time of the Revolution. There were no winners in the outcome of the revolution. These few years were some of the worst France had ever seen. The grindstone had a double handle, and turning at it madly were two men, whose faces, as their long hair flapped back when the whirlings of the grindstone brought their faces up, were more horrible and cruel than the visages of the wildest savages in their most barbarous disguises (Dickens 260). Is it ok to do unjust things in the name of justice? Will there ever be an end to injustice in the world we live in? At the rate we’re going, we may never reach the desired utopia that we dream of. A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay In ‘A Tale of Two Cities,’ by Charles Dickens, there were two characters that have many different personality traits, strengths, and weaknesses. But they also had a few things in common as well. These two characters are Sydney Carton and Madame Defarge. Although these two characters are alike, they both have different motives. Sydney Carton is a very strong and intelligent man. Fist, Carton presents himself as a drunk, lazy attorney, who feels as though his life has no meaning. Carton professes his love to Lucie Manette, but later on Carton becomes a changed man. He transform into a Christ-like figure. He begins to shoulder his way through life. His goals are positive and lead to his â€Å"recalled to life,† in book the first. Carton only wants to do what he knows will please Lucie, because he wants to die with the knowledge that one human being in the world who thought he was worth something and cared for him. Another character in the book named Stryver, describes Carton as â€Å"summons, no energy, and purpose.† Sydney also describes himself as, â€Å"like one who died young.† The only time in which Carton’s motivation kick in is towards the end, when he sacrifices his own life for Charles Darnay because he knows it is what would make Lucie Manette happy. The next character I will describe is Madame Defarge. Madame Defarge is completely motivated as well as Carton is, but Madame Defarge is also driven with revenge. It appears that Madame Defarge goals are only of vengeance. Madame Defarge is self-centered; app her goals are reflected around herself and her own revenge, which is shown when she says, â€Å"Tell the wind and fire where to stop; not me.† †A Tale of Two Cities† by Charles Dickens Essay Throughout A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens tells the story of several characters, all of who are developed continuously throughout the chapters. Several of the characters are greatly developed, some showing unpredictable sides to their personalities. Sydney Carton is a prime example of such a character, his delicate personality revealed when he declares his love for Lucie. He is not the only character in love with Lucie, however. Throughout Book Two, it is revealed that Stryver and Charles Darnay are also coveting Lucie. Darnay and Carton both announce their love for her, however Carton is the only one who goes directly to Lucie to tell her. In this passage, Carton is asking Lucie to not forget him and to remember that even when she is married and with kids, he will always be there for her to keep her happy. Carton’s declaration of his love for Lucie not only reveals his love and foreshadows his selfless, noble act in the later chapters, but in addition, Dickens’ use of language reveals that Sydney is no longer the â€Å"jackal,† but that he is in fact much more than that – a sensitive man with deep emotions. Dickens’ use of language in this passage brings to light the sincerity in Sydney Carton, changing the mood of the reader towards him, and the words that Dickens uses to make Carton express himself allows Carton to truly show his desire for Lucie. When Carton says, â€Å"for you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything,† Dickens is emphasizing the fact that Carton is dedicated to her. Throughout the passage, he continuously repeats phrases including the word you, such as when he states â€Å"I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you.† As a result of emphasizing Carton’s love for Lucie, Dickens creates an immense feeling of sympathy for the reader, as the dedication for Lucie is expressed so eloquently. The fact that Carton accepts this unrequited love by saying â€Å"I will relieve you of a visitor with whom I well know you have nothing in unison, and between whom and you there is an impassable space† creates even more comp assion for Carton because even though it is known that Lucie does not reciprocate his feelings, it is even more painful to watch as he simply walks away from the woman he loves. In addition to uncovering Carton’s true love for Lucie, Dickens uses irony to show the eloquent Carton that contrasts with the drunken Carton of the previous chapters. The chapter to which this passage belongs to is titled â€Å"The Fellow of No Delicacy,† which is ironic because although perhaps Carton was not delicate in the preceding chapters, in this passage he is nothing but eloquent and delicate. He remarks â€Å"try to hold me in your mind, at some quiet times, as ardent and sincere in this one thing,† a great example of his eloquence, which once again causes the reader to develop sympathy for him, since the language he is using so differs from his previous drunken language à ¯Ã‚ ¨203). Carton’s eloquence really shines through in this passage, even though it contrasts with the chapter title and Dickens creates sympathy and tenderness towards Sydney Carton. Because Sydney Carton is put down, not only by others but by himself as well, throughout the entire first half of the second book, when he declares his love for Lucie in such an unselfish and loving manner, it changes how Carton is viewed. Since Stryver takes all the credit for being successful even though Carton does all the work, it is written, â€Å"†¦although Sydney Carton would never be a lion, he was an amazingly good jackal† à ¯Ã‚ ¨116). Carton even describes himself to Darnay as â€Å"I am a disappointed drudge, sir I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me,† exhibiting Carton’s own self-pity and sadness for the world à ¯Ã‚ ¨113). However, with this passage, Sydney Carton causes any reader to fully disregard any judgments made for his character. Dickens previously portrayed him as this unfortunate man without anything to live for, but now it is revealed that Carton does indeed have someone to live for – Lucie and her happi ness. This passage causes all previous opinions about Sydney Carton to be discarded, as now Sydney Carton is no longer the jackal, but he has turned into the lion. In addition to revealing the compassionate and eloquent side of Sydney Carton, this passage is also a moment of foreshadowing for Carton’s noble and unselfish act of sacrificing himself for Lucie’s happiness. What may have seemed to be just talk about how much he loved Lucie turned out to be very, very real. In this passage, Carton declares to Lucie, â€Å"†¦think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you† à ¯Ã‚ ¨204). In his last moments, Carton visualizes Lucie feeling that â€Å"each was not more honoured and held sacred in the other’s soul, than I was in the souls of both,† referring to the respect and recognition that both Darnay and Lucie give to Carton à ¯Ã‚ ¨500). In this passage, Carton sets up his feelings for her, perhaps knowing that someday he would have the chance to occupy a special place in Lucie’s heart for a noble, heroic act. His â€Å"sacrifice for you and for thos e dear to you† embodies the Charles Dickens’ theme of love overpowering everything. With love, Carton was able to have the strength to sacrifice his life for the happiness of one person he cared about. With love, not jealousy, he was able to ask Darnay, â€Å"I wish we might be friends† à ¯Ã‚ ¨275). While Lucie does not reciprocate Carton’s love, she does defend him in front of Darnay, declaring â€Å"I would ask you†¦to be very generous with him always†¦I would ask you to believe that he has a heart he very, very seldom reveals, and that there are deep wounds in it† à ¯Ã‚ ¨278). By Carton declaring his love for Lucie and being wholly devoted to her, he is not only able to give Lucie a complete family, safe and protected in England, but he is also able to say that â€Å"it is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to, than I have ever known,† clearly displaying that through his death, he is gaining all the love and admiration he never had before à ¯Ã‚ ¨500). Sydney Carton is my favorite character of the entire novel. His noble act despite the unrequited love between him and Lucie is such an honorable action, and the fact that he kept true to his word about giving his life â€Å"to keep a life you love beside you† makes him all the more noble à ¯Ã‚ ¨204). I thought that this passage was really a turning point for Sydney Carton’s character, since up to that point he had been very reserved and inarticulate, but when he went to speak to Lucie he became this eloquent speaker, driven by a strong love. From then on, we continue to see Carton’s character develop, creatively seeking out the apothecary for the substances in order for the plan to work. He acted without a moment’s hesitation, and that â€Å"[his face] was the peacefullest man’s face ever beheld there† shows that he had absolutely no regrets about his sacrifice à ¯Ã‚ ¨4à ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¹). To be that calm when he is about to be the newest victim of the Guillotine is a daunting task in itself, but to have someone who would sacrifice his or her life just for someone else’s happiness is beyond imaginable. Therefore, this passage sets the stage for Carton’s ultimate sacrifice, making Carton no longer a â€Å"disappointed drudge,† but a noble hero who goes from being a friend to Darnay and the Manettes to becoming their savior. There is no greater sacrifice that Carton could have made, and for it all to be because he loved Lucie unconditionally is a pretty incredible thing. â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities† by Charles Dickens Essay Loyalty and duty is one of the main themes in â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities†. Dickens examines this theme on many different levels, looking at both the loyalty and duty involved in the characters’ personal relationships and their loyalty to certain causes or beliefs. Many of the characters in the book make great sacrifices due to loyalty on a national level or personal level. Lucie Manette shows great dedication and loyalty to her father, Dr. Manette. Though she once believed she was an orphan, when Lucie meets with her father she is unable to part with him. She looks after him and as the â€Å"golden thread† is able to bring him back to health and lovingly take care of him thereafter. Miss Pross, her nursemaid tells Mr. Lorry how Lucie had to persevere and showed tremendous devotion when she was nursing her father back to health â€Å"He gets up in the dead of night†¦ She hurries to him and they go on together until her love and company have brought him to himself.† (p94) She even says she is willing to avert her marriage plans despite her love for Darnay because she loves her father and does not want to leave him â€Å"If my marriage were so arranged as that it would part us†¦ I should be more unhappy and self-reproachful now than I can tell you.† (p180) Lucie sees it her duty as a daughter to look after Dr. Manette and th roughout the book she demonstrates her loyalty to him â€Å"She had been true to her duties. She was truest to them in the season of trial, as all the quietly loyal and good always will be.† (p264) Lucie also shows loyalty when her husband, Darnay is imprisoned. Throughout his imprisonment, Lucie goes to stand outside the prison for two hours each day hoping that her husband will be able to see her. â€Å"In all weathers she waited†¦ she never missed a single day.† She is also loyal to Carton who professes his love for her. She makes sure that he is welcome in her home and that he is treated with respect despite his reputation and bad habits. She tells Darnay to â€Å"Remember how strong we are in our happiness, and how weak he is in his misery!†. At the end of the book Carton sacrifices his life in order to save Darnay. Lucie honours him even after his death by naming her son after him. Darnay himself shows loyalty to his old steward, Gabelle. Gabelle is imprisoned in France due to his relationship with the Evrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½monde family and he so he writes to Darnay appealing to his â€Å"Justice, honour, and good name.† (p233) Darnay’s sense of duty and responsibility forbids him to turn his back on Gabelle or on his country. He is unaware of how dangerous it will be for him in Paris and idealistically, he even believes that he may be able to calm some of the violence. Eventually, like a ship may be drawn to the Loadstone Rock, he decides to go to Paris and fulfil what he believes is his duty. Miss Pross is brusque, tough, and fiercely loyal to Lucie, her â€Å"Ladybird†. Mr Lorry admires her for being so humble and for adoring Lucie so much that she would do anything for her. He talks of Miss Pross being â€Å"One of those unselfish creatures†¦ who will, for pure love and admiration, bind themselves willing slaves,† (p92) At the beginning of the book, Miss Pross says that she will never go abroad â€Å"If it was ever intended that I should go across salt water, do you suppose Providence would have cast my lot in an island.† (p30). However, when Darnay goes secretly to France and Lucie hears of his imprisonment, Miss Pross accompanies her to France. She overcomes her fear of travelling out of loyalty to Lucie. At the end of the book, Miss Pross shows extreme courage and devotion to Lucie when she faces Madame Defarge to stop her discovering that Lucie is fleeing France. â€Å"I don’t care an English Twopence for myself. I know that the longer I keep you here, the greater hope there is for my Ladybird.† (p352) Miss Pross then starts a violent fight with Madame Defarge though she had â€Å"Never struck a blow in her life† and when a pistol accidentally is shot and kills Madame Defarge, Miss Pross is deafened for life. The fight between these two women shows how Miss Pross was stronger in her loyalty to Lucie than Madame Defarge was in her hatred- â€Å"love, always so much stronger than hate.† (p353) Miss Pross also remains loyal to her brother even though he had previously stolen all of her money and left her. She says that Solomon was â€Å"the one man worthy of Ladybird† (p92) and that he â€Å"Had the makings in him of one of the best and greatest men in his native country.† (p284) The revolutionaries in France prove that a new, fairer French republic can only be achieved with heavy and terrible costs. Personal loves and loyalties must be sacrificed for the good of the nation. When Darnay is arrested for the second time, the guard who seizes him reminds Manette that state interests should be held above personal loyalties. â€Å"If the Republic demands sacrifices from you, without doubt you as a good patriot will be glad to make them. The Republic goes before all.† (p281) Defarge shows courage and loyalty to the revolution when he tries to give a petition to the King â€Å"At the hazard of his life, darted out before the horses with the petition in his hand.† (p163) However, Madame Defarge thinks her husband weak when he pities Doctor Manette and does not want Darnay or Lucie to be killed. â€Å"If it depended on thee- which happily it does not- thou wouldst rescue this man even now.† (p326) Dr. Manette is loyal to his dutiful daughter Lucie. Even when Charles tells him that he is part of the French aristocratic family who caused his long imprisonment in the Bastille, he allows Charles to marry her. Though the shock of this discovery causes a relapse of his old mental state, when he recovers he accepts the marriage of Lucie and Charles for his daughter’s happiness. Mr. Lorry is extremely loyal to Tellson’s Bank. He agrees to go to the bank in Paris even in the midst of the revolution to make sure it is safe. â€Å"If I were not prepared to submit myself to a few inconveniences for the sake of Tellson’s, after all these years, who ought to be?† (p226) He describes himself as a man of business and even when he is almost eighty years old, he risks his safety and goes to Paris just to ensure the safety of the bank. Jerry Cruncher tells his wife what he thinks is her duty. â€Å"A mother’s first duty is to blow her boy out.† Mr. Cruncher does not like his wife praying because he thinks it affects his work as a grave-robber. â€Å"You have no more natural sense of duty than the bed of this here Themes river has of a pile,† (p156) However, he shows loyalty to Mr. Lorry and to the Manettes when he tells Carton that Roger Cly was not dead as he had not been in his grave when he went to dig it up. Cruncher puts his position at risk when he gives away his secret career. The French aristocracy show a lack of duty and loyalty. They treat the people of France extremely badly. When the Marquis St. Evrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½monde’s coach runs over a child he thinks that tossing a coin to the father is enough compensation. Monseneigneur shows no loyalty to his family. When he wanted some money he married his sister to a rich man, treating her like an object rather than a sister. Dr. Manette sees how cruel the Evremendes were when he has to look after the dying lady whom they had taken from her husband on her wedding night. The sacrifice of Sydney Carton is an example of tremendous loyalty to Lucie and her family. Carton loves Lucie so much that he willingly gives up his life to save her husband, Charles Darnay. â€Å"For you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything.† Carton single-handedly thinks up a plan and arranges that he replaces Darnay at the guillotine. Carton’s love for Lucie eventually makes him a better person, knowing that he will save Darnay radically changes him, â€Å"For the first time in many years, he had no strong drink.† (p324) Even Mr. Lorry notices the change in him â€Å"His manner was so fervent and inspiring,† (p330). For the first time Carton feels like his life may have a purpose and could be useful â€Å"Of little worth as life is when we misuse it,† (p322)Carton’s loyalty to Lucie is extremely important for him, in choosing to die for her, Carton not only enables their happiness but also ensures his spiritual rebirth. â€Å"It is a far, far better thing that I do than I have ever done, it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.† (p361) We can see through all these characters how important loyalty and duty is. For some people like Carton and Miss Pross, it provides a purpose in life. For others such as Dr. Manette, Lucie and Darnay, duty is what they feel is the right thing to do. Overall, Dickens shows us that duty and loyalty can make you a better person and that sometimes sacrifice is necessary to achieve happiness or to produce something good.

Alleviate Silo Effects —Build a Healthy Enterprise.

Build a Healthy Enterprise. It can be said that effectiveness is Jeopardized when Interdepartmental conflict has happened In many enterprises. This phenomena extends to misunderstanding of each other, nonappearance of department work and Inconsiderate of the whole enterprise. As a result of those effective less actions, business lose time, money and quality. Also, it can be said that manager can not quickly responds when those conflict happen. The business hierarchy does well in control process, but block information collection.The poor cross-functional communication across departments or business unit, is a reality for many organizations. As the organization rise and become more complex and developed, the â€Å"Silo Virus†(Schuster & Bloch 2006) leads to departmental isolation, and unsustainable result the failure of business. This essay will therefore discuss the poor cross-functional communication across departments or business units, give some of the main reasons for cause It, and developed effective remedies for along enterprises. Also, possible strategies In which to alleviate silo effect In the future will be outlined and explored.The definition of poor cross-functional communication across departments or business units is a managerial problem which lead the business out comes far from their established goals. A managerial problem due to the failure cooperation among different departments. The group of people mix together share aims, perceptions and preference to organize a enterprise, actually, it is very hard to make everyone in the enterprise get their large profit as they want, but through manage of organization, people could achieve their largest value.With this platform, individual will play a big collective strength. However, Howard G. And Noel W. (2004) state that communication problems In the organization are not unlike the progressive development of a headache. If the Initial bodily cues are Ignored or not monitored, the full throb will hit. However, It could be state that poor cross-functional communication across departments or business units can cause a big failure of enterprise's business. Department egoism, careless of others, fuzzy thinking and tunnel vision like a virus jeopardize the whole body, and make the work effective jess.This is visually describe by the idea from Schuster & Bloch (2006) who argues that: The infected departments resemble huge grain silos in a lonely landscape. They also function like foreign bodies – impersonal and often oversized. Nothing penetrates to the outside world. There is no window into what goes on inside. The silos are filled from above, which also fits the picture. When the enterprise's top people are Infected, the silo virus spreads throughout the organism. This metaphor give the key message of Its appearance. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, rather complement and perceive must first be realized.There are two aspect cause the poor cross-functional communi cation across management of the whole enterprise. The main reason for cause the internal less communication is fear of feedback. People try to keep silence because they could not see any profit to themselves when they give positive suggestions. Jackson(2003) state that people avoid the truth and instead continue to try to guess what their bosses think. The business hierarchy block the information communication, because most people think it is not their susceptibilities to make the company perform well and advance their careers.Jackson also give his state of People avoid feedback because they hate being criticized, plain and simple. However, it can be state the employee afraid to provide information because they have some dissatisfied of company and brooding of their current situation. At another side, the managers unsuitable management lead those embarrass situations come out, due to they are afraid the criticized voice of their work and fail to acknowledge the implications of curre nt situation. The problems focus on the feedback of information communication. There are many reasons to cause lack of management of the whole parties.The stress, denomination and in efficiency will not distinct as they are in one department. Manager will negligent or ignore of a lot of information which could determinate the potential problems in the future. And for different department managers, they have different goals which could conflict and need sacrificing some parties' own goals to achieve the corporate goals. The problems focus on the leadership performance. So what should be done by manager to encourage employees information feedback and inspire their own act to perform leadership?Jackson(2003) state that four manageable steps to encourage individual feedback: self-assessment, external feedback, absorbing the feedback, and taking action toward change. This may be an idealist's viewpoint, however its key message has some significant merit and certainly to address this prob lem through self-motivation, and taken others' advise. For the enterprise, Everyone seem like living in a big happy family, but manager must keen to elect department information and find every potential problems solution.It's seem possible for the senior managers to do that work. But the problem is how can we find a process which provide an outcome that could fit every parries in the organization without sacrificing their equity? Schuster, P. & Bloch, B. State their solution for this process as the pursuing consistent and co-ordinate goals, a sufficient flow of information through management and among colleagues, clear work processes and definition of responsibility, and inter-departmental meetings.All for the enterprise to o is build a opening platform that could encourage employees speaking out their contribute for the whole organization. In this platform we could find the information do manager need to lead concerted effort on the enterprise, and replace of the number of wasting time meetings, time consuming workshop and pointless E-mails. In conclusion therefore, the issue of the poor cross-functional communication across departments or business units is one which needs much information feedback by of the main reasons for silo effect in the organization and the countermeasure when it occurs.Although the reasons for silo effect of an organization can be described as natural happen, they are generally cause by both micro side(individual performance) and macro side(department management) of organization. Therefore, in terms of trying to alleviate silo effect, it is recommended to build a internal platform which could opening and freeing to make contribution to the organization. This Just one possible strategies to alleviate the poor cross-functional communication across departments or business units. Len the future it will be continually thought and explored.

Biodiversity Loss and Extinction

Loss of biodiversity and loss of extinction Biodiversity can cause extinction and harm to human lives. We are responsible for environmental consideration. We introduced a machine that destroys the environment and destroys the life of animals. We need to limit the land and resources we consume. There are several major problems that cause seeds to die out and cause our way of life to be compromised. Other animals may also affect the change in the food chain. Many of the problems of biodiversity loss are due to the interaction between humans and the environment. Statements concerning animal agriculture as a major factor in the loss of biodiversity and the extinction of species have received numerous discussions and interviews with the major authors and scientists working on the Convention on Biological Diversity and IUCN and the Millennium Ecosystem Support of publications on current biodiversity assessment proposed in the evaluation. , IUCN Red List, and prospects for global environmen t and biodiversity. As of August 2012, the assessment of world species in 2004 is the latest empirical data on global extinction rates based on birds, mammals and amphibians. Dr. Oppenlander and Dr. Simon Stuart, Interview with the International Committee Chair for Conservation of Nature Conservation Species: Main factors of loss of biodiversity: threat to cause loss of biodiversity / cause evolution of biodiversity loss / natural process of species / aging of ecosystem natural climate change / global warming invasive species / biodiversity of driver The loss is beyond its initial distribution range. Explanation of loss of biodiversity due to overfishing / abuse pollution / inadequate nutrient loading of ecosystems Direct cause direct explanation Explain the cause of basic biodiversity loss with indirect dynamics / Background rate of loss of biodiversity / where is the intruder responsible for reducing the historical proportion of species extinction? Invasive invasive range of invas ive alien species in your country

The Implementation Of The Localism Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Implementation Of The Localism Act - Essay Example In the United Kingdom, there is a remarkably high demand for social housing. Local authorities have had long waiting lists for individuals who intend to have access to social housing.2 Many individuals considered for social housing are those with a high vulnerability to becoming homeless. Therefore, the local authorities conduct reviews of all applicants and identify the situations of applicants that qualify them for accommodation.3 For many years, social housing has served to prevent homelessness in the United Kingdom. The introduction of the Localism Act allows local authority property owners to define new terms of fixed tenancies. Fixed tenancies offer the flexibility that defines the private rented sector.4 Opponents of the Localism Act have argued that the law will bring about positive changes, motivating individuals to take in for social housing to work hard and become homeowners. On the other hand, there are increasing critics who do not support the Localism Act, highlighting that it may present more cases of homelessness as well as anxieties and uncertainties of expiring fixed tenancies.5 This paper will critically analyse parliaments move to diminish the security of tenure of local authority tenants to the level provided by the privately rented sector. The emergence of social housing in the United Kingdom was a venture towards helping workers to upgrade from poor quality private rented homes to the remarkable housing at cheaper rates. Social housing began in the early 1970s, and it has exhibited remarkable growth to play a critical role in low-income families.6 The shift from providing accommodation to workers to a needs-based approach seeks to reduce homelessness. In 2014, social housing accounted for about 17% and 24% of the residential areas in England and Scotland respectively.

A change in the way you deal with other people Essay - 4

A change in the way you deal with other people - Essay Example I had been dating my partner for over 4 years and we had a strong relationship from my perspective. I trusted them with all my heart and never had any doubts about them. We have a long distance relationship because my partner studies and lives in another city. We also have a significant age difference as we are 7 years apart. However, our relationship was never affected by this and it was based on pure love and emotions. We never agreed to let society have an influence on our views towards each other. However, I could feel the distance between us and we only got to see each other for 4mths in a year. The last time my partner arrived, I saw and felt something different. They did not possess the same passion in their eyes as they always did the previous times. They were distant and more caught up in their â€Å"work† or â€Å"studies†. I felt something was wrong from the very beginning and on the 4th day I confirmed what I had been thinking all these days. While my partner was sleeping I took their phone and found some messages with another person. There was nothing intimate just some meeting proposals and some good night messages. However, I did not expect this and I felt so betrayed that they would keep this from me. I couldn’t imagine that someone I trust could so deceitful especially considering the fact that my life revolves around this person and every time I am waiting for their return. From this point onwards I lost ball my trust in people. I know people are different and one should never judge others based on someone’s mistakes. However, this has made me more cautious. In the past I was a very trusting person and it was easy for me to commit to people. I was what people would call an open book. However, this has all changed and I am now reserved. I do not think I will be fully able to open to people again. I now have the notion that the more people you trust or the more you trust someone, the higher the likeliho od that they will disappoint you. Life is

Credit card and Biometrics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Credit card and Biometrics - Research Paper Example Physical characteristics such as face, finger prints and behavioural characteristics such as voice, body movements (Eye movements) etc are used extensively in biometrics to identify a person. The credit card provider take note of either one of the biometric characteristics mentioned above for making and storing biometric template in the master computer at the time of issuing the card. The card holder needs to scan the particular biometric characteristics against a scanning system whenever he was planning to use the credit card for some services. Biometrics increases the safety, security and reliability of the credit card system. Moreover it is inexpensive, fast and easy to use as well. The major disadvantage of biometrics is the loss of privacy. Considering the improvements in electronic transactions, it is necessary to increase the safety of the credit card transactions and the use of biometrics in credit card services seems to be the option for the future. "A credit card is a thin plastic card, usually 3-1/8 inches by 2-1/8 inches in size, that contains identification information such as a signature or picture, and authorizes the person named on it to charge purchases or services to his account -- charges for which he will be billed periodically. Today, the information on the card is read by automated teller machines (ATMs), store readers, and bank and Internet computers" (How Credit Cards Work, 2008).Credits cards are a type of plastic card with a magnetic strip which is used extensively to borrow money or to buy products or services. The card holder need not carry money always with him for his purchasing needs. He can use the credit cards to purchase an object directly or indirectly through internet from anywhere in the world. Each credit card may have the name of the card holder affixed and a unique number. Moreover, a personal identification number (PIN) is also provided by the financial institution which supplies the credit card to its customers. This PIN would be useful for the card holder when he want to withdraw money from Automatic Teller Machines (ATM). Problem "In the end of 2005, MasterCard and Visa generated a sales volume of more than $190.6 billion, from the circulation of approximately 56.4 million credit cards across Canada. Credit card fraud statistics show that about $2.8 million was lost due to credit card fraud, from fraudulent use of MasterCard and Visa alone. In total, credit card fraud costs cardholders and credit card issuers as much as $500 million a year" (Credit Card Fraud Statistics and Facts, 2009) Credit card forgery is one of the big headaches faced by the cyber crime investigating agencies. The big problem associated with credit card is that anybody who knows the card number can use it. Even though many security measures provided by the card supplier for the customers, forgers have better technologies to steal the credit card numbers while the card holder using it somewhere for his purchasing needs or money withdrawal purposes. Biometrics is a new technology incorporated to credit card uses to prevent the card forgery . Instead of the card number, in biometrics oriented credit cards, the finger print, voice or the face of the card hold

Microbial Content of cooked meat kebab Lab Report

Microbial Content of cooked meat kebab - Lab Report Example However, because the meat is cooked on one surface only, there is an increased opportunity for pathogen outgrowth and microorganism multiplication (Vazgecer, Ulu and Oztan, 2004). There have been reported cases of food contamination and foodborne disease occurrences circumstantially connected to kebab consumptions which can lead to more complex outcomes (Angelillo, I.F., Viggiani, N.M.A., Rizzo, L. and Bianco, A., 2000. Food handlers and foodborne diseases: knowledge, attitudes, and reported behavior in Italy. Journal of Food Protection 63 3, pp. 381–385. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (35)Angelillo, Viggiani, Rizzo, and Bianco, 2000). Some human ailments may be caused by foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella serotypes, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus (Swaminathan and Feng, 1994). The changing epidemiology of foodborne diseases and the resurfacing of some microorganisms and pathogens are attributable to various conditions, such as everyday habits and routines of consumers, food handling and preparation, food manufacture and distribution, and understanding of food risks (Lacey, 1993; Roberts, 2000; Slutsker, Altekruse, and Swerdlow, 1998). This experiment will determine levels of aerobic microorganisms and identify probable pathogens in two kebab meat samples of chicken and lamb. Moreover, it will verify probabilities on disease transmission and assess kebab’s quality and safety for human consumption. 10 grams of the chicken sample was placed in a sterile stomacher bag with 90ml of buffered peptone water; homogenized with a blender; incubated for 24 hours. 1 ml of chicken sample was then suspended into 9ml of SCB and incubated for another 24 hours at 37 Â °C. 10 grams of the lamb sample was placed in a sterile stomacher bag with 90ml of Ringer solution; homogenized with a blender; diluted with 20uL of sample and 180ul of

Stress management - guided imagery Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stress management - guided imagery - Assignment Example One very effective way is hardiness. This means becoming stronger both physically and emotionally. Techniques of improving hardiness include doing more physical exercises reducing usage of drugs such as alcohol and nicotine, creating a support system by developing close relations with other people, doing activities that you enjoy among many more. Another effective method is development of a positive attitude towards situation. Healthy eating habits alongside with good nutrition increases not only the physical stamina but also the emotional and perhaps mental stamina (Hoffman et al., 46). Relaxing of both the mind and the body improves even the concentration and can be achieved by gaining enough sleep. Proper time management is another stress management skill that helps one to accomplish things that may otherwise cause stress. Proper cash managent is another strategy that reduces stress for college students. Exploring spirituality is also another common effective way of managing stres s since one finds personal meaning to his life. As a student, I adopted a stress management behavior that has worked out perfectly well. It is a strategy that has an acronym â€Å"HOLDUP†. This stands for Hardiness, Outlook, and Listening to my Body, Decreasing stress as much as I can, unburdening myself and Problem solving. I decided to change my outlook of challenges and took them positively. I developed a sense of humor in my problems and found out that they were not as bad as they seemed. More so, I learnt that making mistakes was inevitable as long as it was accompanied by a lesson in it. There was an added solution to taking responsibility over my own feelings, and this made me control all my stressors. By understanding my outlook, I was able to know my strengths that brought me a lot of confidence and my weaknesses too which were the major channels stress came through. Listening to my body always worked out very well for me. I was

Status of Women in South Africa Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Status of Women in South Africa - Term Paper Example The progressive constitution of South Africa guarantees equality for women, access to socio economic rights e.g. fair labour practices, land, housing and health as well as right to freedom from violence. Unfortunately, some of these rights are not a certainty for many women as the country has failed to put into practice and deliver on the policies that give consequence.Poverty and inequality in South Africa, is closely related to race, gender and class. According to the World Bank, the level of poverty is defined by the lack of ability to achieve a minimum standard of living, which is measured in terms of basic consumption needs or the income necessary to satisfy those needs.It has been estimated that 60% of black South Africans remain poor and live in deteriorating socio economic conditions. The unemployment rate in South Africa increased from 33% to 36.2% in the 3 years to 1999, of which 56% of the unemployed were women and the remaining 44% were men. Seven years later, in 2006, ac cording to the Household Survey, of the unemployed, more were women (31.8%) than men (23.8%). The survey also showed that the highest unemployment rate of 41.8% was among black African women.There was another survey done in 2006, the General Household Survey, indicated that 37% refers to households headed by women, and those headed by black African women tally up to 31.9%. From all these statistics, the Institute for Democracy in South Africa indicates that 80% of households headed by women have no wage earners.

The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams Essay

The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams - Essay Example Jim O'Connor, the gentleman caller, bears the same name as the young man who called on Rose Williams, before her descent into insanity. The action takes place in a small apartment in a poor district of the city, crowded outside and in, surrounded by many dark alleys and fire escapes, exploring the illusory lives of the three main characters as they attempt to achieve their dreams, only for it all to end in failure and disappointment. It has been interpreted variously as a psychological drama portraying a dysfunctional family, the tragedy of a fragile psyche (Laura) edging into madness, and a socio-political statement, "his personal testament to the Great Depression" (p.20, Hale, 1998). It is all of these as becomes apparent as the action moves from the past to the present as Tom's recollection are recalled and Character Analysis - Tom Wingfield: Tom is a poet, working in a boring low paid job in a shoe factory, the main economic support for his mother and sister. Despite his position as the main provider, an adult male, he is denied that status, simply by how his mother perceives things should be, rather than what they are, and by her demands on him to be that provider until another appears (a husband for Laura). He is complex, shy and intelligent, his creativity dismissed and ridiculed by his mother. He seeks escape through the illusions of the movies, but recognizes the reality of the times in which he seeks his dreams: Tom: "Hollywood characters are supposed to have all the adventures for everybody in America, while everybody in America sits in a darkened room and watches them have them! Yes, until there's a war. That's when adventure becomes available to the masses!....Then the people in the dark room come out of the dark room to have some adventure themselves-...." (Williams, 1936, Scene Six, p. 282) Some connection to socialist values appear when Tom paid his dues to the Union of Merchant Seamen, rather than the electric bill - thus highlighting a belief in the unions and socialism, as opposed to capitalism. His relationship with his mother is volatile, as she is the nagging presence preventing his escape and fulfillment. He loves his shy, fragile sister and the most telling example Williams's lyrical language and symbolism which elicit poignant imagery and the emotion of guilt can be found as he reflects on his escape. Tom: " I didn't go to the moon, I went much further - for time is the longest distance between two places...Perhaps I am walking along a street at night, in some strange

Alternative education Essay Example for Free

Alternative education Essay E-learning is an excellent option in education, particularly when there are hindrances to traditional learning situations. For example, some people wish to continue their educations but do not live within driving distance of a college or university and dont find it feasible to relocate. E-learning is a viable alternative for these students. Another hindrance to traditional learning, especially in grades K through 12, is the one size fits all mentality it embraces. Many students just do not learn well in a traditional learning environment, but thrive in a more flexible setting. To address this issue, parents are turning to e-learning opportunities for their children. Some choose full-time enrollment in a virtual school, while others use e-learning to supplement a home school curriculum. In the business world, e-learning provides a way for companies to train and instruct employees without requiring them to travel to a central location. Convenience is one of the major advantages of e-learning. It allows students to work and learn at their own pace without the unyielding time restrictions of traditional learning. Because e-learning provides access to learning materials at any time, students have the flexibility to schedule around families, jobs and other activities. Another major benefit of e-learning is the accessibility it provides. Students can learn from anywhere in the world. This is an especially important consideration for students who wish to study in a different country. In addition, because e-learning can be done from home, students have less clothing and driving expenses than with traditional learning. A major disadvantage to e-learning is the self-discipline it requires. While being able to work at your own pace can be an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage. This is especially true for students who have difficulty with time management and procrastination. These students tend to be more successful with the structure of traditional learning. Another disadvantage to e-learning is the technology involved. Some people do not have ready access to a computer and Internet connection. And some who do have the required equipment feel ill-equipped to use it. Lack of interaction between teacher and student is another drawback to e-learning. Some students need the immediate feedback that interaction provides. E-learning greatly increases the availability of educational opportunities. Unfortunately, it also increases the number of scams related to online education. Persons considering e-learning possibilities should be alert to such scams and thoroughly investigate any program before making a commitment.

Explain what is meant by the term national curriculum Essay Example for Free

Explain what is meant by the term national curriculum Essay The basic school curriculum includes the national curriculum, religious education and sex education. The national curriculum is a set of subjects and standards used by primary and secondary schools so children learn the same things it is defined by four key stages to be spread over the 12 years of compulsory years of schooling. It covers what subjects are taught and the standards children should reach in each subject. Other types of schools such as academies and private schools don’t have to follow the national curriculum. Academies must teach a broad and balanced curriculum including English, maths and science. They must also teach religious education. The national curriculum is organised into four key stages at the end of each key stage, the pupil’s teacher will formally assess their performance to measure the pupil’s progress. This will set targets for learning and will also show how performance will be assessed and then reported. For each subject there’s a programme of study, it describes what children should learn. Discuss 5 factors that influence learning The influence of other people can have an affect the pupils learning the ways in which this can happen is by the way there family encourage learning if their family encourages and is enthusiastic about learning the student is more likely to be enthusiastic and therefore become a more effective learner if the students family do not promote the benefits of learning this can make the child less enthusiastic giving them an undervalued opinion of learning and education and affecting their capabilities.

A Caring And Helping Profession Nursing Essay

A Caring And Helping Profession Nursing Essay As an associate degree practicing nurse, working on a cardiac unit, my scope of practice has been primarily focused on direct patient care. I have always been motivated to help my clients whenever possible to attain optimal level of restoration through different methods of therapeutic regimen and teaching. I assist my clients to meet their immediate needs, smiling, listening, using therapeutic touch where appropriate, and communicating effectively. I involve my clients and their families in their care by keeping them informed with medications, laboratory and diagnostic testing. I am a big advocate of the phrase Knowledge gives power because it fosters nurse-client relationship and trust. I believe very much in engaging my clients with the knowledge of their disease process, the plan of care and the method of care delivery that will ensue. Knowing what to expect usually gives clients more control and they are more willing participants in an unfamiliar environment while coping with unf amiliar diagnosis and the challenges of being sick. However, transitioning to a baccalaureate program now, I realize that my approach to nursing is evolving and becoming more dynamic and inclusive to promote a more holistic method of care delivery. Primarily based on the body of knowledge that is emerging on my journey back to school and prior experience, I have come to understand what the philosophy of nursing means. Nursing philosophy forms the framework for nursing practice and guides the application of nursing process to effectively manage the complexities of evolving nursing roles. Developing a nursing philosophy requires that a nurse embarks on a journey of self-discovery, Rew, 1994. It starts by recognizing and understanding the interconnectedness of all things, how human beings relate with their environment and how it affects their health. Based on the body of knowledge and experience, nurses usually have a set of beliefs, values and ideologies that influence perceptions, thoughts and feelings, (Hood. pg. 60). These values are usually etched within the framework of ethical principles and they constitute a nursing philosophy. The profession of nursing primarily deals with human beings, health, nursing and environment and as such nurses need to examine and reflect on what each of these concepts mean and how they are related to one another in order to affect each positively. Human beings are unique, holistic individuals characterized by genetics and biologic compositions. Human beings are defined by their understanding, perception, reasoning, life experiences, spirituality and cultural background. Human beings have intrinsic values and have inalienable rights, and the right to be treated with dignity and respect from conception to death. Health is a state of well-being. Health is defined as the optimal functioning of all physical, psychological, social, sensing, feeling and communicating systems. A state of total shalom, nothing missing, nothing broken. A state of health is viewed as a point existing on a continuum, from wellness to death and it varies with individual perception of what wellness is. As defined by World Health Organization, Health is a State of complete, physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Nursing is a helping profession, a synergy of arts and science. The science of nursing is based on the principles and theories of behavioral and natural sciences, the embodiment of scientific knowledge, skills and professional values and morals instilled in practice and care delivery. Nursing encompasses the collaboration and autonomous care of all individuals in all settings, it includes health promotion, awareness, prevention of diseases and a restoration from deviation of health. Environment is not limited to physical space, but characterized by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, that defines a person. Internal factors that affect mood and wellness are considered environment and external environment includes families, social, spiritual, cultural factors that affect a man. Sill Hall view human beings as an interrelated, interdependent, interacting complex, organism, constantly influencing and being influenced by the environment. (Sills Hall, 1977, p.24). Bearing in mind that the profession of nursing is centered on these four metaparadigms: Human beings, health, nursing and environment, it is imperative for nurses to approach care delivery to human beings in a holistic manner factoring in the interrelatedness of how one affects the other. Environment co-exists with human beings in a reciprocal relationship and as such affects individuals positively or negatively. It may be a disruptive or peaceful relationship. Deviation from a state of well-being is a disruptive state that requires the helping compassionate care of nurse professionals. As individuals are constantly adapting to varying degrees of changes in their internal and external environment, nursing is a piece of healthcare delivery system that constantly strive to assist individuals to attain their optimal level of wellness. Utilizing the nursing process and accessing multi-disciplinary approach in a holistic goal directed manner, nurses assume multiple roles of professional caregivers, teachers, advocates and counselors to accomplish competent and compassionate care in different continuum of an individual state of health. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT2fbd0m6Pyju6XFO_GZ5z-3-ntqUwZaYF-61nhgnt5YrepYBRLYQ http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTsPPQYw0EE5JF6ClAdg9ZX1okAqYjMedRRcvjPoZXmAm4xxLj8Ew http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQpHAALPu3jyPkayfwLIc5FuuiEVO9qczGozC4Ob8pTGsV_CDU7pQ http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTVwTuWcjWRQyh2ZUMPt45MRo2yW9c4GzL8-vneWn54imlzSFn0 The theoretical models and frameworks of various nurse theorists has emerged as a guide to nursing philosophy and care. They provide a body of knowledge used to support nursing practice. They each define their nursing philosophies placing human beings as the center of care but cognizant of the interconnectedness and relationship of health, environment and nursing interacting and affecting each other. Sister Callister Roy Adaptation model is one that has impressed on my heart and has influenced my practice. Sister Callister Roy is a nurse theorist, professor and author, compelled by instructor, Dorothy Johnson, to write a conceptual model of nursing while studying for her Masters degree at UCLA She proposed The Roy Adaptation Model theory (RAM). Studying through this theory gives me a better understanding of mans adaptive capacity in response to stimuli and also the intrinsic nature of man to adapt various modes to cope with life challenges especially relating to health. In this mode, Human being is viewed as a holistic adaptive creature capable of adaptive systems. She describes the Environment consisting of internal and external stimuli that interacts directly with human beings. She sees Health as a sound unimpaired condition leading to wholeness and the Nursing goal as that which promotes modes of adaptation and that support overall health. The four Modes of adaption of RAM promote integrity and they are: the physiologic-physical mode, the self-concept- identity mode, role function and interdependent mode. Physiologic-Physical Mode identifies the intrinsic factors comprised of physical and chemical processes that occur in human beings that are responsible for the functions and activities of daily living. The underlying need is physiologic integrity evidenced in the degree of wholeness achieved through adaptation to change in needs. Self-concept-Identity Mode focuses on the psychological and spiritual integrity and the sense of unity as humans search for the meaning and purpose of life Role Function Mode deals with the individual roles that we occupy in society and how we aim to fulfill the need for social integrity. The knowledge of knowing oneself in relation to others. Interdependent Mode looks at the interconnectedness and relationship of people, environment, structure and perception. Adaptation potentials individually and collectively. Using RAMs six- step nursing process, the nurse gathers a full assessment of a client including behavior, orientation, family dynamics, objective and subjective data. The second step is to recognize and determine the stimuli affecting the behaviors exhibited. The third step involves formulating a nursing diagnosis based on the presenting symptoms and the persons adaptive state. The forth step is goal oriented and nursing planning to promote adaption and wellness which leads to the fifth step of nursing interventions. Utilizing several methods of therapeutic healing tailored to each individual crisis state with the ultimate goal of managing the stimuli to promote adaptation. The final and sixth step is the evaluation stage, using reflection and data to reassess the individual state of adaptation mode or lack of it. The ability of the nurse to manipulate the stimuli and not the patient enhances the persons interaction with their environment, gives them a sense of control and promote he alth. Nursing, as stated earlier, is a synergy of science and art. Nursing is a learned profession and as such nurses are required to have a formal education, clinical practice and research in order to understand the biologic, physiologic, behavioral and social sciences to make decisions. The application of that body of knowledge in practice is built on the art of nursing. Delivery of care with wisdom, compassion, genuineness, empathy, respect for dignity and a sound commitment to do good at all times is the basis of the art of nursing. Nursing is an experience that occurs between two individuals forming the nurse-patient interaction. Nursing is constructed around the centrality of nurse-client relationship and how they affect each other positively. When nurses use knowledge and personality to implement interventions in the nursing process to effect change in the ill, they alleviate stress and the relationship becomes therapeutic. It is through the establishment of therapeutic association that nurses are said to promote healing (Allen, 2000: 184). In the early days, Nursing derived knowledge through intuition, tradition and experience or by borrowing from other disciplines (Kalisch Kalisch, 2004). The knowledge of nursing has since then shifted to empirical knowledge discovered through research. Research is vital in nursing today because it expands nursing knowledge and integrates best evidence based practice into clinical practice. The systemic review of literature aspect of research makes it possible for quality improvement activities and to determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions and practice changes. Research allows clinical practice to evolve in knowledge and it gives confidence in practice based on satisfactory patient outcomes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callista_Roy http://tgh.org/nursing.htm http://coxcollege.edu/cc_body.cfm?id=3062 Therapeutic Nursing: Improving Patient Care through Self-Awareness and reflection SAGE, Nov 4, 2002 edited by Dawn Freshwater v http://svnnet.org/uploads/File/NurseResearch.pdf bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbmmmmhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcT0i-k_RqeEf5gGtNuRiZ-smGKeyOk4PTEXB0E__tf7lpX0OeA4iwOPOaHczyAOqx0xmGsF5OQpZ8feLu8ggfMt9mtjbj8IweaXgGpmx6PuCcSYnllYO7WokRahf4KhYwOo1tMZvKfMOO/s400/PIC+6.jpg

Hypochondria and Prozac Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Hypochondria and Prozac: A Pill For All Ills? Right now, my shoulder really, really aches. It's a dull, uncentralized sort of pain, and over the past few days, it has spread to my neck and upper arms. My wrists hurt too, especially when I twist them a certain way. I'm tired all of the time, and thirsty. I'm not worried about these symptoms. Their cause is obvious. I've spent the last four days hunched over my computer until early morning, furiously typing reports for finals week (this one included). I get an average of four to five hours of sleep a night, and the rest of the time, only a constant stream of caffeinated beverages can keep me awake. My back/shoulder/neck pain is caused by my stance at the computer; my tiredness is a result of---what else?---lack of sleep; I'm thirsty because all I'm drinking is soda. If I were a hypochondriac, though, I'd probably think I had cancer. Don't laugh. Hypochondria, or the attributing of benign symptoms such as backache and fatigue to serious illnesses, occurs in 1% of the population and 5% of America's medical outpatients ((7)). These people, while usually genuinely healthy, interpret every minor pain as indicative of something serious. They travel from doctor to doctor seeking treatment; if one doctor refuses to acknowledge their illness, or gives them a clean bill of health, they simply move on ((7)). This process can go on for anywhere from six months to years ((6)). The symptoms they feel are not delusions, nor are they purposefully-created fakes. Pretending to experience nonexistant symptoms is a behavior associated with a different disorder, Muchausen syndrome. Hypochondriacs' pain is very real. It's just not, as its sufferers assume, a sign of some fatal illness ((7... ...iety for what it was, and know that it was a mental rather than a physical problem, and therefore fixable. Most importantly, I would know that I wouldn't have to rely on pills for my recovery. That being said, I'm going to go pop a few aspirins. Internet Sources: 1)http://www.newscientist.com/channel/opinion/ 2)http://www.uib.no/med/avd/med_a/gastro/wilhelms/hypochon.html 3)http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss24/record2124.24.html 4)http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss24/record2124.24.html 5)http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/healthcare/2002-03-19-hypochondriacs.htm 6)http://healthsciences.columbia.edu/news/journal/journal-o/archives/jour_v15n2_0002.html 7)http://www.helenair.com/articles/2003/09/13/health/c01090903_04.txt 8)http://www.uib.no/med/avd/med_a/gastro/wilhelms/wallstr.html

Rudyard Kiplings Captains Courageous Essay -- Rudyard Kipling Captain

Rudyard Kipling's Captains Courageous Captains Courageous, by Rudyard Kipling, was referred to as a children’s nautical adventure story, but it has entertained audiences for generations. The main character in the story was Harvey Cheyne. Harvey is the son of a millionaire and a snobbish little brat. He acts pretty big around the crew of the ship he was aboard. The next important character is Manuel. Manuel is a Portuguese boy about Harvey’s age, which by the way is in his pre to mid teens. Manuel’s dialogue helps add to a bit of comic relief. The next character is Dan. Dan is around Harvey’s age as well. Dan is the son of Disko Troop, the Captain of the We’re Here. Speaking of Disko Troop, he is an honorable man who runs his ship well. He is very set in his ways. Throughout the story there were other characters that are referred to such as the cook, and some others. At one time, I felt that Harvey would try to abandon ship, but instead he did not, and did something almost completely opposite. Throughout the story, the major action and story takes place aboard the We’re Here. The setting sets the tone for a true nautical story. The relationship between Dan and his father is textbook. Disko Troop is pretty set in his ways and all that, while Dan follows instructions, but still leaves room to think and dream. The theme seems to relate to our class, in that I feel that the overall theme was change and maturing. It seems that if there were a...

The Relevancy of the Heartland :: essays research papers fc

The Relevancy of the Heartland - Hinterland Distinction in Canada's Economic Geography Until the early 20th century, Canada was primarily an agricultural nation. Since then it has become one of the most highly industrialized countries in the world as a direct result of the development of the ‘heartland'. To a large extent the manufacturing industries present in the heartland are supplied with raw materials produced by the agricultural, mining, forestry, and fishing sectors of the Canadian economy, a region known as the ‘hinterland'. The ‘ heartland-hinterland' concept in Canada describes patterns of economic power, namely, where economic power and control resides within the nation. Thus, the heartland-hinterland concept distinguishes raw-material and staple-producing hinterlands from the capital service industrial heartland and reveals the metropolis or dominating city of the system. At a national scale, the Canadian metropolis is Toronto, and the region with the most influence is the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands. But while immense influence radiates outward from the metropolis located in the heartland, the relationship between hinterland and heartland is one of intimate mutual dependency. In modern Canadian economics, neither region can exist without each other, and the well-being of one directly affects the other. These two regions show remarkable contrasts, yet they are to a large extent interdependent on each other, clearly suggesting that the heartland-hinterland distinction is quite relevant in terms of Canada's economic geography. Upon discussing the importance of the heartland-hinterland in Canada, it is necessary to discuss what each term refers to. According to McCann the heartland is an area "†¦ which possesses favourable physical qualities and grant food accessibility to markets; they display a diversified profile of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary industries; they are characterized by a highly urbanized and concentrated population which participates in a well-integrated urban system; they are well advanced along the development path and possess the capacity for innovative change." Literally, hinterland means ‘the land behind', the area from which a heartland draws its raw materials and which, in turn, serves as a market for the heartland's manufactured goods. The demographic and economic characteristics of Canada's heartland are that it contains over 50% of the nation's population and 70% of its manufacturing industries in only 14% of the nation's area. Canada's heartland is southern Ontario and Quebec stretching from Quebec City to Windsor. This heartland, occupying the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, coincides with several favourable physical characteristics such as fertile Class 1 and 2 soils in addition to humid continental climate for optimal agricultural conditions. However, the "hinterland regions display harsher or more limiting physical characteristics. The Cordillera, Interior Plains, Canadian Shield, and Appalachian regions yield tremendous resource wealth, but their soils,

Geography Teaching Methods: Why Should Geography

The   term   geography   refers   to   the   study   of   the   location   and   distribution   of   living   things   and   the   earth features   among   which   they   (The   World   Book,   2001).It   describes   its   physical   features,   resources, climate,   soils,   plants,   animals,   and    peoples   and   their   distribution. Geography,   in   general,   has   several objectives. The   main   objective   of   the   geography   subject   is   to   develop   awareness   of   the   relation between   nature   and   the   man ­made   environment. It   provides   the   basis   for   understanding   population development   and   the   distribution   of   resources,   explaining   similarities   and   differences   and   discussing change   processes.It   shall   also   contribute   to   understanding   and   mastering   the   great   amount   of information   in   our   time. Therefore,   this   paper   discuses   the   view   that   geography   as   a  subject  should  be made  a  core  subject. To   begin   with,   geography   provides   the   basis   for   understanding   population   development   and   the distribution   of   resources,   explaining   similarities   and   differences   and   discussing   change   processes. The subject   also   gives   insight   into   how   natural   resources,   weather   and   climate   have   provided   the   basis   for the   settlement   and   development   of   communities.Furthermore,  Geography  also  creates  understanding  of why   resources   are    important   for   global   production,   division   of   labour and   settlement. Population development   and   global   econ omic   processes   influence   economic   development   and   the   global distribution   of   goods. The   Geography   subject   provides   an   overview   and   explains   the   localisation   of cities   and   the   scope   of   natural   and  man ­made  conditions  on  earth  (Tunney,  1976). Therefore,  it  is  wise enough   that   the   government   should   design    a   curriculum   that   considers   geography   as   a  core  subject  just like  English  as  it  is  in  Malawi.The   other   thing   is   that,   looking   at   its   objectives? Geography   subject   is   contributing  to  the  understanding and   mastering   the   great   amount  of  information  in  these  days. More  knowledge  motivates  and  stimulates the   ability   to  analyse  critically  and  understand  comprehensively. T his  can  give   the  pupils  a  good  basis  for participating   in   the   development   of   society   in   a   constructive   way. An   important   objective   of   the geography   subject   is   also   to   develop   the   pupils'   ability   to   be   tolerant   and   understand   their   global co ­responsibilities.This   only   shows   that   Geography   has  a  wider  range  in  the  sense  that  it  draws  largely from   the   natural   sciences   and   social   sciences,   such   as,   geology,   meteorology,   botany,   zoology, economics,  and  history. In   addition,   in   order   to   improve   geographic   understanding   to   the   general   public:   Increased   research attention   is   given   to   certain   core   methodological   and   conceptual   issues   in   geography   that   are  especially relevant   to   society's   concerns. More   emphasis   should   be   placed   on   priority ­driven,   cross ­cutting projects.Increased  emphasis   should  be  given  to  research  that  improves  the  understanding  of  geographic literacy,   learning,   and   problem   solving   and  the  roles  of  geographic  information  in  education  and  decision making,   including   interactive   learning   strategies   and   spatial   decision   support   systems. This   helps   the government   to   manage   and   run   its affairs   with   the   intention   of   developing   them. Therefore,   through geographical   knowledge,  one  is  able  to  operate  in  several  departments  of  the  government  hence  meeting the  full  utilization  of  limited  resources  a  country  could  have.What   is   more,   the   government   and/or   the   non ­governmental   organization   should   take   part   in   the improvement   of   geographic   literacy. Geography  education  standards  and   other  guidelines  for  improved geography   education   in   the   schools   should   be   examined   to   identify   subjects   where   geography's  current knowledge   base   needs   strengthening. A   significant   national   program   should   be   established   to   improve the   geographic   competence   of   the   republic   of   Malawi’s   general   population   as   well   as   of   leaders   in business,   government,   and   non ­governmental  interest  groups  at  all  levels.In  addition,  linkages  should  be strengthened   between   academic   geography   and   users   of   its   research. Also   concerned   and   non concerned   parties   need   to   strengthen   geographic   institutions. Since   geography   has   a   wider   range   in  its operation,   a   high   priority   should   be   placed   on   increasing  professional  interactions  between  geographers and   colleagues   in   other   sciences. A   specific   effort   too,   should   be   made   to   identify   and   address disparities   between   the   growing   demands   on   geography   as   a   subject   and   the   current   capabilities   of eography   to   respond   as   a   scientific   discipline. A  specific  effort  should  be  made  in  order  to  identify  and examine   needs   and   opportunities   for   professional   geography   to   focus   its   research   and   teaching   on certain   specific   problems   or   niches,   given   limitations   on   the   human   and   financial   resources   of   the discipline. University   and   college   administrators   should   alter   reward   structures   for   academic geographers   to   encourage,   recognize,   and   reinforce   certain   categories   of   professional   activity   that   are sometimes   underrated.To   encourage   implementation   of   these   recommendations:   Geographic   and related   organisations   should    work   together   to   develop   and   execute   a   plan    to   implement   the recommendations  in  this  department. Lastly,   it   should   be   mentioned,   however,   that   geography   being   a   multi ­dimensional   subject   that   is,   it encompasses   several   subjects  or  disciplines. The  case  of  History,  History  and  History  Teaching   play  an importan t   role   in   developing   national   identity.Against   the   background   of   ethnic,   cultural   and   national conflicts   in   South   Eastern   Europe   history    teaching   was   often   used   as   a   tool   for   promoting   nationalistic ideologies. History   textbooks   have,   in   many   cases,   been   dominated   by  biased  historical  interpretations. Sensitive   historical   issues   and   groups,   such   as   the   history   of   social   and   ethnic   minorities,   the   history   of neighbouring   countries   have   often   been   excluded   from   the   textbooks.Therefore,   history   education   in South   Eastern   Europe   has   been   identified   as   a   key   issue   for   the   reconciliation   and   democratisation process   and   thus   for   long ­term    stability  in   the  region  by  many  key  actors  at  expert  and  political  level(De Blij,  1993). In   conclusion,   it   is   a   matter   of    concern   that   the   majority   of   students   in   the   school   complete   their geographical   education   at   a  young  age. They  are  normally  given  the  chance  to  choose  the  subjects  to  be studied   in   order   to   acquire   their   certificate   at   the   end   of   their   first   year   of   post ­primary   education.It   is usually   5 ­8  subjects  inclusive  of  English. It  is  reported  by  school  management  that  appropriate  guidance and   consultation   with   parents   informs   this   choice   process,   it   is   of   concern   that   subject   choices  made  at such   an   early   stage  in  post ­primary  education   could  have  a  significant  impact   on   subject  choice  at  senior cycle   and   on   career   paths   or   access   to   third ­level  education. It  is,  therefore,  recommended  that  school management   consider   restructuring   the   curriculum   at   junior   cycle   to   widen   the  range  of  core  subjects  to include   Geography.In    the   case   of   Malawi,   English   is   a   compulsory   subject   of   all   students   to   Junior Certificate  level. REFERENCES De  Blij,  H. J. (1993). Human  Geography:  Culture,  Society,  and  Space. (4th  Ed. ). Singapore:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John  Willey  . The  World  book  Encyclopedia(2001) â€Å"The_History_of_Geography_&_its_importance. †Ã‚  123HelpMe. com. 11  Apr  2012  . Sheila   L. C. (2004). Glo balization   and   Belonging:   The   Politics   of   Identity   in   a   Changing World. Boston:  Rowman  .

What the Bible Says About Gambling

What Does the password Say Ab turn out period of play? Surpri hell on earthgly, the account book contains no specific command to bar gambling. However, the Bible does contain timeless principles for bread and providedter a life pleasing to divinity fudge and is filled with wisdom to deal with either situation, including gambling. Answer Throughout the Old and untested Testaments, we read virtu tout ensembley pile molding lots when a decision had to be made. In most instances, this was evidently a way of ascertain something impartially Joshua thence cast lots for them in battle of Pittsburgh Landing in the presence of the LORD, and there he distri barelyed the land to the Israelites according to their tribal divisions. Joshua 1810, NIV) Casting lots was common among legion(predicate) ancient cultures. Roman soldiers cast lots for Jesus garments at his crucifixion Lets non hit it, they said to one a nonher. Lets decide by lot who bequeath get it. This happened that the volume might be fulfilled which said, They dissever my garments among them and cast lots for my clothing. So this is what the soldiers did. (John 1924, NIV) Does the Bible Mention gambling? Although the words gambling and gamble do non appear in the Bible, we can non assume that an occupation is non a sin simply because it is not mentioned.Looking at pornography on the Internet and using illegal drugs argon not mentioned either, but twain botch divinitys laws. While casinos and lotteries promise thrills and excitement, obviously mess gamble to try to win specie. tidings gives very specific instructions about what our attitude should be toward capital Whoever loves notes never has property enough whoever loves wealthiness is never satisfied with his income. This too is meaningless. (Ecclesiastes 510, NIV) No servant can suffice two masters. Jesus said. Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be dedicate to the one and despise the other.You cannot serve both God and money. (Luke 1613, NIV) For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. nearly muckle, eager for money, seduce wandered from the faith and perforated themselves with many griefs. (1 herds grass 610, NIV) Gambling is a way to bypass devise, but the Bible counsels us to persevere and work hard Lazy hands rag a man poor, but spry hands bring wealth. (Proverbs 104, NIV) star of the key principles in the Bible is that people should be wise stewards of everything God gives them, including their time, giving and treasure.Gamblers may believe they earn their money with their own labor and may throw away it as they please, yet God gives people the talent and health to carry out their jobs, and their very life is a invest from him as well. Wise stewardship of extra money calls believers to invest it in the Lords work or to save it for an emergency, preferably than lose it in games in which the betting odds atomic number 18 stacked against the pla yer. Gamblers begrudge to a greater extent money, but they may also covet the things money can buy, such as cars, boats, houses, expensive jewelry and clothing. The Bible forbids a covetous attitude in the one-tenth Commandment You shall not covet your neighbors house.You shall not covet your neighbors wife, or his manservant or maidservant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor. (Exodus 2017, NIV) Gambling also has the potential to turn into an habituation, like drugs or alcohol. According to the National Council on Problem Gambling, 2 million U. S. adults are patho system of logical gamblers and another 4 to 6 million are problem gamblers. This addiction can destroy the stability of the family, fleet to job loss, and cause a individual to lose control of their life for a man is a slave to some(prenominal) has mastered him. 2 Peter 219) Some argue that gambling is zip fastener more than entertainment, no more scrofulous than going to a movie or conce rt. People who attend movies or concerts foretell only entertainment in return, however, not money. They are not tempted to keep consumption until they break even. Finally, gambling provides a wizard of false apprehend. Participants place their foretaste in winning, often against astronomical odds, instead of placing their want in God. Throughout the Bible, we are continuously reminded that our foretaste is in God alone, not money, power, or position Find rest, O my soul, in God alone my hope comes from him. Psalm 625, NIV) May the God of hope fill you with all rapture and peace as you trust in him, so that you may overflow with hope by the power of the Holy Spirit. (Romans 1513, NIV) Command those who are rich in this present world not to be arrogant nor to put their hope in wealth, which is so uncertain, but to put their hope in God, who richly provides us with everything for our enjoyment. (1 Timothy 617, NIV) Some Christians believe that church building raffles, bingos and the like to raise funds for Christian education and ministries are harmless fun, a form of donation involving a game.Their logic is that, as with alcohol, an adult should act responsibly. In those circumstances, it seems unlikely someone would lose a large amount of money. Gods Word is No Gamble Every leisure body process is not a sin, but all sin is not clearly listed in the Bible. Added to that, God doesnt just want us not to sin, but he gives us an even higher goal. The Bible encourages us to consider our activities in this way Everything is permissible for mebut not everything is beneficial. Everything is permissible for mebut I will not be mastered by anything. 1 Corinthians 612, NIV) This verse appears again in 1 Corinthians 1023, with the addition of this idea Everything is permissiblebut not everything is constructive. When an occupation is not distinctly described as sin in the Bible, we can ask ourselves these questions Is this activity beneficial for me or will it acquire my master? Will participation in this activity be constructive or destructive to my Christian life and viewer? The Bible does not explicitly say, gravitational constant shalt not play blackjack. Yet by gaining a thorough knowledge of the Scriptures we have a trustworthy guide for determining what pleases and displeases God.

History of Management

Without any doubt, the question of form, utilizations and skills of a jitney gets a mixed response. Some believe that these features argon the sh bed by theatre directors each(prenominal) over the adult male, speckle others maintain that there argon signifi dropt differences in solicitude of diametric countries that have cash in ones chipsn inception to such(prenominal) a nonion and a swear out as the intercultural direction. Which one of the higher up-stated arguments has an element of truth and could they be both regarded as authentic?First of all it domiciliatenot be denied that the science of focal point has a long history and perhaps all modern mangers practice principles and theories that have been introduced earlier. To start with, it was the Industrial Revolution that naturalized big craft and created the need for professional leaders. Furthermore, old age of military and church rule added direction models and lyric that atomic number 18 widely used today. permit us nevertheless recall Max Webers bureaucratic hypothesis or that of Frederic Taylor who is ballparkly regarded the sire of Scientific Management and proposed some expressions of increase processers productivity.On the basis of his research at Bethlehem Steel confederacy (Pittsburgh) he drew conclusions that the job sess be split into minute parts and its doing can be improved by timing performance of each part separately. Furthermore, he suggested rest periods of supererogatory interval and duration and a differential bear scale that can be found in the practice of todays directors (1). The famous method acting of overlapping tasks during the period of exerciseing day in order to avoid workers graceful tired good was mountain passed by Henry Gantt and displayed in the form of his the Gantt map.Though not all of the private instructors whitethorn know the break of inventor of this tenet, but, for sure, most of them be acquainted with its locutio n and benefits it can provide. Moreover, it was Gantt who stressed the significance of the leadership and caution qualities and skills for creating successful industrial organizations. The man who is dubbed as the receive of Modern Management is Henri Fayol, a french industrialist who certain a framework for studying counsel and wrote planetary and Industrial Management (1).He distinguished five uses of managers, such as homework, organizing, commanding, organise, and peremptory. As we see, all theorists and pioneers of management theory originated from various countries (England, France, United States, etc. ) however this did not impede the principles they have set out from becoming universal. Times are changing and so are doing the people but some essential things and serviceable hints are immortal and not subject to ageing. Let us take a closer heart into the work of a manager disregard of the geographical location of his working place and language he speaks.Nobody would argue that the better we understand the management role the better it will be performed and more soft services will be provided. Some people wrongly envision managers to be emotionless and unheated fish and claim something like managers see work as something that must be done or tolerated, management focuses attendance on procedure, and management sees the world as relatively black and white (2, 200525). Yet, from our forefront of view, such standpoint is biased and far from macrocosm impartial.One should keep in mind that managers are also military mans but the best among them have that empower for organizing and feel themselves sufficient of being at the spike of other people and controlling not only their work but their lives in a way. Nevertheless, the managers work is not restricted to the preceding(prenominal) issues only. Putting it by words of Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD, leadership is meet one of the numerous facets of management, just one of the umpteen a ssets a successful manager must stimulate (3).Therefore, it would be easier to determine the aim of a manager, which can be expressed as maximizing the takings of his company with the help of utile administrative measures. This brings us to the definition of management itself that for short can be rendered as the process of attaining organizational goals in an telling and efficient manner through planning, organizing, controlling, and directing organizational resources (2). Therefore, any manager must undertake the already mentioned above functions? organizing ? planning ? commanding ? coordinating ? controlling Note, that leadership is covered by the single function of controlling. Planning comp shows development of company strategies and goals. To put it differently, on this stage a manager has to define the pleader of his business and some milestones to be taken into account. Moreover, planning involves also defining budget and plans of operation, i. e. methods of achieving previously restore goals.In brief, on the phase of planning a manager proves to be a good forecaster capable of determining the far-reaching objectives. The by-line function and stage is organizing, which convey right people on the right working places. In other words, this function presupposes that a manager must objectively consider knowledge and skills of his employees and offer them jobs that are most appropriate. Remarkably that some theorists of management call this function as facultying but to our mind, this ready is an element of organizing.Admittedly that given the high levels of discretion enjoyed by knowledge workers, managers closings over work distribution, content and resources fashion more critical for dedication and knowledge intromission (4, 2005383-424). To content up, organizing function covers establishing superior/subordinate relationships, as well as determining the scope of staffs obligations and responsibilities. The controlling function means ch ecking that work is carried out in a proper way and funds are spent with regard to their purpose. The coordinating function covers training, team building, etc.and refers mainly to work with human resources, but not the production process. It should be added that effective managers should be good communicators and analysts. They should have guts to repulse constant stress and be able to wreak under unfavorable conditions. Furthermore, managers are responsible for comradely environment within a company, which engages problem-combating, settling conflicts, distinct for best solutions, etc. What is more they should be forceful enough to bring forward their ideas and convince the opponents to give preference to their views.Still, that does not mean that all managers should be inborn leaders, whatever. Even more, as J. P. Kotter wrote in his 1991 The outflank of the Harvard Business Review expression, What Leaders Really Do Leadership is different from management, but not for the debate most people think. Leadership isnt mystical and mysterious. It has nought to do with having charisma or other exotic personality traits. Its not the province of a chosen fewer. Nor is leadership necessarily better than management or a replacement for it.Rather, leadership and management are cardinal distinctive and complementary activities. Both are necessary for success in an increasingly composite and volatile business environment (5, 199126). However, in evoke of the fact that there are some common features of manager work found in different countries and irrespective of borders, such as the key principles of management in a whole and functions of managers, it has been stated above that managers are the very(prenominal) people. Consequently, their cultural and personal peculiarities are reflected on their work.The former has even given rise to the completely new theory intercultural management. The most world-shattering factors that have enabled the emergence of this theory are the following continuous globalization of economy and merge of businesses, governing body of joint ventures, foreign representative offices, etc. As a result, people started to pay more attention to the intercultural diversity of managing styles and traditions along with all-nation values and convictions. Should to go, when in Rome, do as the Romans do, but in order to keep abreast with this rule one should know it.Notably, that in her article in the Financial Times by Elisabeth Marx call Shock of the alien can sink a merger, for example, it was mentioned that Research on cross-border acquisitions has shown that differences in management style (particularly in attitudes towards risk) have a negative effect on company performance. Sadly, very few companies consider the softer, cultural factors of mergers, which may be a epochal contributor to their subsequent failures. Far too few companies even begin to consider the effects on staff or the human implication of a merger.Furthermore, the article goes on to manifest that it is casual to end up in a smirch where the whole is worth less than the sum of its two parts. Hence, the reasonable solution here may consist in following the statement and church doctrine conductors first task is to conduct more extended business analysis before taking the decision to merge. In addition to carrying out traditional fiscal and commercial due diligence, they should complete a thoroughgoing examination of the cultural compatibility of the parties involved (6, 20052).The same can be applied to all spheres where business is conducted and companies in any country. Yert, the most frequent use of intercultural management tenet is observed within such live on as, for instance, multinational markets, by merging with foreign companies, projects involving multi-cultural teams, international negotiations and so on, and so forth. Other supporting the intercultural management view theories are three well-known anal yses of intercultural management by Edward Hall, Geert Hofstede and Philippe dIribarne that illustrate the differences between American and French management styles (7).Citing Edward T. Hall, intercultural differences in discourse are found on the scope, on time and on dummy Understanding between people results from the combination of culture and its context. Some cultures have a rich context (close links between people, high level of the surd/unsaid) these cultures are highly implicit other cultures valuing communication only when it is very clear in itself are said to be explicit (7).This can be exemplified by the French dislike of clearing procedures or by their creativity and flexibility, American productivity and utilitarianism etc (8, 20031333-1349). To sum up, there are common features that can be found among managers all over the world. Managers employ experience of earlier generations as well as impinge on modern ones. Today, theorists of management clearly define functions and goals of managing work and scope of their responsibilities and obligations. However, on the other hand, it remains disputable wither work of a manager is the same in different countries.Quite to the contrary, the intercultural management theory declares that all(prenominal) nation has its own management style that should be taken into account when conducting international negotiations and making business with foreign countries. The majority of businessmen can no longer escape the necessity to purchase, sell or communicate and work with people from different cultures and thereof with different traditions and convictions. And we are strongly sure that our futurity is multinational one Bibliography 1. History of Management. Retrieved on declination 21, 2005 from http//ollie. dcccd.edu/mgmt1374/book_contents/1overview/management_history/mgmt_history. htm 2. MANAGERS PERSONALITY ENTERPRISES AU Welbourne, TM. Cavanaugh, M. A. Judge, T. A. AD U. S. A. Cornell Univers ity. Centre for ripe(p) Human Resource Studies, IRL School. Ithaca, NY 14653-3901 3. Leader or Manager? Which Are You? Which Should You Be? The Case for Being comprehensive by Dick Mooney. Bradford University Journal. Retrieved on December 21, 2005 from http//www. amputee-coalition. org/communicator/vol3no2pg2. hypertext mark-up language 4. The difference a manager can illuminate organizational justice and knowledge worker commitment by Marc Thompson.International Journal of Human Resource Management, the great unwashed 16, Number 3, March, 2005, pp. 383-404 5. The Best of the Harvard Business Review by J. P. Kotter, 1991. 6. Shock of the alien can sink a merger by Elisabeth Marx. Financial Times, 5 April 2001 7. French management style. Retrieved on December 21, 2005 from http//www. understandfrance. org/France/Intercultural3. html 8. comparison business ethics in Russia and the US by Rafik I. Beekun, Yvonne Stedham, Jeanne H. Yamamura, Jamal A. Barghouti. International Journ al of Human Resource Management. pot 14, Number 8 / December 2003