Dbq Essay-European History-Assumptions on Children

During early present day Europe, youngsters were seen from various perspectives which changed how guardians decided to bring up their kids. During the 1500’s, the death rates for youngsters were high, consequently kids were seen as though they were grown-ups and valuable in the event that they endure, numerous individuals accepted that they expected to treat kids cruelly to make them solid. In the 1600’s, youngsters were raised softly as they were balanced creatures that could utilize reason.Children were seen from numerous points of view during early present day Europe to be judicious, valuable, and needing direction where these perspectives decided the parents’ decision in kid raising to acting cruelly to kind direction. Society looked for direction for their youngsters in a mindful manner. In a letter Martin Luther, a pioneer of the Protestant Reformation in the 1500’s, it is composed that his multi year old little girl had simply passed on and that he is discouraged by the misfortune. He adores his conscious daughter.As a dad and pioneer of the protestant renewal, Luther is unsettled at his daughter’s misfortune, however he cherishes and regards God removing her (Doc 2). A typical generalization about ladies is their characters and observations toward kids. Generally, the female stereotypic job is to wed and have youngsters. She is likewise to put her family's government assistance before her own; be adoring, humane, mindful, sustaining, and thoughtful. Margaret Cavendish, a duchess, a researcher, and a rationalist communicates her truthfulness and is worried of how society should get youngsters assist them with arriving at their latent capacity (Doc 9).Through the information on a philosophe, Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that you should let kids settle on their own choices, since they will be difficult in the event that you attempt to stop them (Doc 12). Children’s Games, by Pieter Brueghel, shows the kids ingest ed in their games with the earnestness showed by grown-ups in their evidently increasingly significant interests (Doc 5). Another way individuals trained their youngsters was through thinking. Christoph Scheurl accepted kids are an extraordinary reward.He is one-sided however on the grounds that he has a child himself and is aware of the passionate connection and bond bearing a kid makes, he talks with just appreciation and communicates his adoration for his kid (Doc 1). Hypothetically however, Jean Benedicti â€Å"obligates the youngster to comply with under torment of mortal sin. † Being an evangelist, he anticipates that a kid should respect God and comply with his astuteness (Doc 7). This follows similar conditions expressed in report 10. The English Catholic Gentleman expects exceptionally of his little girl to have dependence on God and assist her with comprehension to make her changes to admit her transgressions to God.John Locke, a savant who composed â€Å"Two Treas ies on Government† composes that an individual must dissuade youngsters to their ability of comprehension. As an individual from the Enlightenment, Locke accepts individuals are sound and clean slate (clear records) where they can be instructed what to do. Changing thoughts of the1600’s into the edification considered guardians to treat youngsters sympathetic and soundly (Doc 11). Albeit a few guardians showed their kids in a thoughtful way useful for the youngster, some rebuffed their kids by putting a negative effect on their well-being.As delineated in record 3, it expresses that if a man genuinely thinks about his kid, he will whip him incidentally to make a man out of him. For the most part, Russian family units of the seventeenth century were unforgiving conditions to live under, in this manner the respectability anticipated that cruel control as a methods should better their kids. Michel de Montaigne communicates his assessment on kids in a totally different mann er however. He shows definitely no energy or love for kids. The inclination in his articles to deviate into accounts and individual considerations was viewed as adverse to appropriate style instead of as a development (Doc 6).In a collection of memoirs, Benevenuto Cellini, a metal crafter and artist, composes that he visited his child that was resulting from wedlock and unexpectedly left the kid crying as he didn’t need Cellini to leave. Since Cellini’s kid was resulting from wedlock, he will be dealt with cruelly and will be evaded as acclimated of the 1500’s (Doc 4). Concerning Henry IV, he was whipped as a kid. In a letter to the tutor Madame de Montglat, Henry orders her to whip his multi year old child each time he gets out of hand. Whipping kids was normal for individuals to do during the 1500’s.As ruler of France, Henry IV needs his child to be solid when he beneficiaries. He thinks whipping him will make him a superior individual. Youngsters were treated in various manners because of the acknowledged thoughts and perspectives of the time from serfdom, the religion, the death rates and the Enlightenment. Being the valuable blessings from God, youngsters were being dealt with compassionate and furthermore brutally as they were protests also. Various perspectives on youngsters and raising systems change from the beginning of time because of changes in common thoughts and distinctive social developments.

Music-Based Improv Games for Young Actors

Music-Based Improv Games for Young Actors Most comedy practices are expected to extend on-screen characters comfort with making characters, communicating before a group of people, and thinking and reacting quickly. Hardly any activities, in any case, are worked around melodic satire. There are a couple of explanations behind this: Melodic satire requires music, and barely any show instructors approach a piano and piano player. Certainly, you can mess with recorded music yet that is not as simple as it sounds.Musical parody requires singing, and an amazing number of youthful on-screen characters are extremely modest about singing. Those understudies who are not sure about their singing abilities may decline to take part.Musical parody doesnt by and large require a similar degree of character improvement as a straight play or even a non-melodic satire. With music and move to take up the leeway, numerous musicals have stock characters with little inspiration and scarcely any close to home qualities. So why waste time with music-related comedy? First: pretty much every secondary school in America and numerous middle schools produce musicals each spring. In the event that your understudies intend to partake, theyll need to review their melodic aptitudes. Second, music is an astounding device for building interior mood and different abilities your young on-screen characters will require whether they ever play a melodic lead. The comedy exercises portrayed here are music-related, yet they dont expect members to understand music or even to sing! Signature Music Improv This comedy action is appropriate for 2 †3 entertainers. It requires showy music to be played while the entertainers perform. I suggest a straightforward console and somebody who can play improvised mood melodies. (Nothing extravagant is important †just music that passes on various feelings.) Have the crowd individuals propose an area. For instance: library, zoo, kindergarten class, driving school, and so forth. The on-screen characters start the scene with an ordinary, regular trade: Hello, Bob, did you get that promotion?Son, I got a call from the head today.Hello, and welcome to jury obligation! When the discussion is in progress, the educator (or whoever is keeping an eye on the console) plays mood melodies. The tune can shift back and forth between sensational, unconventional, intense, western, sci-fi, sentimental, etc. The on-screen characters should then make activity and exchange that coordinates the temperament of the music. At whatever point the music changes, the conduct of the characters change. Feeling Symphony This show practice is tremendous for huge gatherings. One individual (maybe the dramatization educator or gathering pioneer) fills in as the ensemble conductor. The remainder of the entertainers ought to sit or remain in lines, just as they were artists in a symphony. Be that as it may, rather than having a string area or a metal segment, the transmitter will make feeling areas. Get familiar with how your understudies can make a â€Å"Emotion Orchestra.† Melody Spoofs It’s difficult to make unique songs. (Simply ask 80s band Milli Vanilli!). Nonetheless, understudies can venture out a tune composing profession by satirizing existing tunes. Structure the understudies into gatherings (between 2 †4 individuals). They should then choose a melody with which they are every recognizable. Note: It doesn’t must be a show tune †any Top 40 tune will do. The educator will give the melody composing bunches a theme for their tune verses. In light of the narrating idea of melodic theater, the more clash, the better. Here are a couple of recommendations: Getting â€Å"dumped† on Prom Night.Being caught in an elevator.Getting found shoplifting.Saying farewell to your dead goldfish.Finding out your grandmother is a vampire. Understudies all in all compose as a significant part of the verses as possible, ideally recounting to a story, or passing on expressive exchange. The melody could be conveyed by at least one characters. At the point when the understudies present their work to the remainder of the class, they can basically peruse the verses to the class. Or on the other hand, in the event that they feel sufficiently valiant, they can play out the recently made number and sing their hearts out!

American Fiction Free Essays

Society appears to assume significant jobs in the advancement of life of a person. Following paper will quickly feature the distinctions in subjects of three books; specifically â€Å"My Antonia,† by Willa Cather, â€Å"The Age of Innocence,† by Edith Wharton, and â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† by Ernest Hemingway. Presentation ‘Age of Innocence’ composed by Edith Wharton in 1920 is a story rising up out of the 1870s encompassing a high society couple in new York city anticipating marriage. We will compose a custom paper test on American Fiction or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Newland Archer, a youthful attorney, anticipates his marriage with May Welland having a place with one of the wealth and best families in New York. This marriage relies upon the decision of lady settled on by Newland Archer yet this decision is by all accounts dicey after his communication with the bride’s cousin, Ellen Olenska, coming back from Europe after partition from her significant other Count Olenski. Lady has chosen to separate from the Count, a somewhat unsuitable choice for her family. Influences are chipped away at the Countess to make her arrival to the Count yet all futile. Rather, the connection among Newland and Ellen develops until as chose by the families, lamentably, Newland gets hitched to May. As Ellen consistently will not come back to the Count, the Count and her family retain all money related assistance and backing to the Countess. This epic depends on a story and characters that are encircled by their social orders controlling these characters to make the best choice as ‘required’. Albeit running from run of the mill cultural principles, Newland could get hitched to Ellen yet as the families had just masterminded the marriage of May and Newland, there was no real way to decline to the preplanned marriage and leave May, as families in those occasions were increasingly alarmed about being disfavored. In this way presumptions and ethics followed in the American culture in 1870s are tested in this novel without any judgments of these standards and ethics at all. American essayist Willa Cather composed ‘My Antonia’ in 1918. This epic is made out of five books. The story incorporates some settler families from Nebraska who move to USA to begin another life. Antonia, the principle character of the story, is the oldest little girl of a Bohemian family among the other outsider families. Jim Burden, storyteller of the story is the character who becomes hopelessly enamored with Antonia. The five books of this novel feature the life of Antonia beginning from her youth until getting hitched and turning into a mother. After a downturn based self destruction of Antonia’s father, Antonia endures a hard life on the prairie homesteads of Black Hawk, Nebraska. For the Harlings family in a town close by, she fills in as a housekeeper and a cook increasing a notoriety of the most delightful young lady around that agitates the Harlings. Larry Donovan, Antonia’s life partner escapes the town before marriage forsaking Antonia pregnant with his kid. Antonia finds an upbeat life being hitched to Cuzak having ten youngsters with him on the ranches. Jim, then again, is more youthful than Antonia however is associated with her while Antonia still accepts him as a youngster. Jim goes to school and starts examining and after a more drawn out period, despite everything having warmth for Antonia in his heart, comes back to Black Hawk and finds that she is presently a mother of ten kids and joyfully wedded. All Jim chooses to live with now is the memory of Antonia and a friendship that he has for her family. Along these lines the primary subject of this novel is change and changes of life. ‘A Farewell to Arms’ was composed by Ernest Hemingway in 1929. The story rises up out of the time of First World War, encompassing a medical attendant Catherine Barkley who experiences passionate feelings for an American officer Frederic Henry. Pessimism of fighters and removal of populaces that follow wars have been featured in the novel. ‘A Farewell to Arms’ is isolated into five books that feature the life and times of these two individuals during the war. These five books have featured changes in Henry’s reasoning about existence and universe, as Catehrine acquires request his life causing him to comprehend the significance of qualities as profound quality, pride, and respect. First book discusses the relationship in quite a while starting stages. The couple invests some energy in Milan in summers, being the subject of second book. Third book features Henry coming back to the fight unit and murdering a sergeant for which he is captured by the fight police for cross examination, where a chance of Henry being executed emerges which he escapes by bouncing into a waterway. Fourth book discusses the couple rejoining in Switzerland. The fifth book features a calm quiet life being lived by the couple until Catherine experiences discharge during work of their child that causes her demise causing Henry to acknowledge the dismal truth of death causing Henry to comprehend the significance of life, changing his skeptical way of thinking. Complexity between Three Novels An extraordinary differentiation exists between three books. ‘Age of innocence’ composed by Edith Wharton discusses the cultural guidelines being followed in New York in 1870s that incorporates a component of disfavor related with separation of a little girl in a family. Surrendering individual wants for sparing the respect and regard of one’s family is the primary topic of this story. A mindful part of society has been featured for this situation where esteems and ethics of a general public guarantee to ensure a lady inside the protected limits of her family. Separation in late nineteenth century was considered as a disrespect and a solicitation to embarrassments thought of as a danger to ladies in their future life. Then again, an association has been worked among Antonia and her encompassing society in ‘My Antonia’. No mindful part of the general public has been featured in the story when contrasted with ‘Age of innocence’. Men that encompass Antonia are appeared to adhere to no standards and ethics of their general public, as it is clear if there should be an occurrence of her first life partner escaping and deserting Antonia pregnant before marriage, making her face disgrace before the general public and her family. Changes happen in Antonia as she faces these catastrophes being separated from everyone else until life favors her with a spouse and ten youngsters giving her a serene and an ensured life on the homesteads. There is no association between the characters and their general public in the event of ‘A Farewell to Arms’. The principle reason being the foundation of the novel, as it was written in the hour of First World War when the main issue viable is sparing one’s own self from death. Wars are characterized as lamentable in this way any story rising up out of these occasions is sad. The story features a sad romantic tale that sets in the First World War encompassing an officer who surrenders his military vocation for the dread of death. Binds consider the universe being an unordered and an unprotected presence with no God to look out for with no proof of equity in the environmental factors. Ethical quality, poise, and respect are no place to be found in the environmental factors were war happens. Accentuation is given to the ruthlessness, foul play, and vanity that follows the war as Henry gets away from his skeptical contemplations about the universe being scattered with the assistance of Catherine. Henry in the novel is appeared to have a solid mistrust in God along these lines there was no confidence in confidence having a relationship with life and ethical quality. A solid skeptical conviction existed in Henry and his friends connecting it with nil presence of confidence accordingly no ethical quality, equity and no need of good guidelines in the general public. Henry is appeared to comprehend the significance of life by the manners in which he battles to get away from the cross examination and execution in the hands of the police. As the name of the novel shows, Henry says goodbye to not just the arms and his military profession by making a departure yet in addition to the skeptical way of thinking that he held about existence. Understanding that battles can be a piece of life, Henry battles to rejoin with Catherina, in spite of the fact that annihilation holds up at long last. Nonetheless, the only thing that is in any way important at long last is to understand the significance of a presence of the universe and a God. Along these lines, there is no association of this novel with the other two books, as the other two books don't discuss skepticism in the presence of universe and ethical quality. Truth be told, the characters in the other two books have been appeared to live in a general public worked around standards of ethical quality. A solid job has been recommended by the two books in the lives of its characters however there is no confidence in the public eye nor its reality on account of third novel along these lines there is no job of society being played in the advancement of the life of its characters in ‘A Farewell to Arms’. Determination There is a noticeable complexity in the three books. First tale ‘Age of Innocence’ discusses forming an individuals’ life dependent on decides and guidelines that are molded by a general public and families that encompasses him; as these ethics guarantee to secure the people. Second tale discusses the moderate advances that occur in the life of an individual living in a general public with people not following profound quality to ensure a person. In the third novel, the principle subject is an adjustment in the way of thinking of a person about existence and the universe while attempting to rejoin with his adoration while getting away from death. Works Cited Johnson, D. Claudia. , and Johnson, Elso, Vernon. The social effect of the novel: a reference control. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. Instructions to refer to American Fiction, Papers

The Acquisition Team Free Essays

The Acquisition Team is a data based association that is made out of a greater number of authorities than in the conventional order and-control association. Individuals from an obtaining group comprise of multi-hierarchical just as cross-utilitarian, I. e. We will compose a custom paper test on The Acquisition Team or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now temporary workers, providers, obtaining experts (Engelbeck, 2002). The focal point of this paper is to introduce the understudies choice of a business opportunity offered by the Department of Energy and found at http://www. fbo. organization/. This understudy will examine the posting and afterward â€Å"reverse engineer† the notification to make the perfect agency’s securing group that could have arranged this requesting. This understudy will likewise refer to and sum up the FAR arrangements for the development of the obtaining group, portray the nature and determinations of the task, distinguish each specialized topic required on the securing group, utilizing the â€Å"Bodies of Knowledge† outline in Engelbeck, Chapter 2, as a premise, and legitimize the association of each colleague by depicting their particular commitment to the sales/demand for proposition and later strides of the acquisition procedure. At last, the understudy will portray the means to follow and guarantee that the sales notice is finished, clear, and exact before submitting it for posting on the FedBizOpps. gov Website. FAR Provisions for the development of the securing group. The scattering of Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) in 1984 duplicated the Congress’ expectation to make a structure that was uniform for Executive Branch government contracting. Preceding the presentation of the FAR, non military personnel organizations and the protection administrations had extraordinary and self claimed set of guidelines. The FAR is arranged at Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations. It comprises of guidelines and rules as explained by the United States central government that administers the acquisition forms for the administration. The FAR contains the normalized systems and arrangements for acquisitions by all government organizations. After the dissemination of the FAR, the normalization objective was destabilized by the assorted organization explicit enhancements (Vacketta, 1999). The FAR authorizes the execution of about each dynamic arrangement identified with obtainment. It is additionally inside the FAR order to achieve each phase of the procedure of securing. FAR 1. 102 (d) specifies that: The capacity of each individual from the Acquisition Team is to guarantee the activity of individual activity and powerful business choice while giving the best worth item and administration that address the issues of the clients (Acquipedia, 2012). It further clarifies the extension and technique of the obtaining group. This comprises of the national government colleagues liable for combination undertakings limitation and contracting dealings including the requiring action, the paying operator group, the contracting official, budgetary administration and others. Synopsis of the FAR Provisions for Acquisition Team Opportunity: Supply of Silicon Drift Detector Summary of Opportunity is normally characterized as the event and time that present positive situation to achieve exact objectives. The subtleties of chance distinguished on http://www. fbo. organization/are as introduced beneath: a. Opportunity title/venture area: Supply of Silicon Drift Detector b. Requesting Number: RC238923 c. Office: Department of Energy d. Office: Brookhaven National Laboratory (DOE Contractor) e. [Office] Location: Brookhaven f. URL: https://www. fbo. gov/? s=opportunitymode=formid=a95ff19f0cbf7a7448fbd5503527130btab=core_cview=0 Nature and Specifications of the Project This is a momentary undertaking wherein a national government body requires the gracefully of Silicon Drift Detectors. The Contractor is required to convey 1 Silicon Drift Detector to the US Department of Energy. The venture requires fixed evaluating terms. The Silicon Drift Detector ought to be conveyed inside 180 days upon the marking of the agreement at the Department of Energy office, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven. The timings are required to be distinguished by the COR Feb 01, 2013 11:59 pm Eastern: Provision 333 †Machinery Manufacturing/333999 †All Other Miscellaneous General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing, numerous others as specified in AMS †Form †010, fire up. 5, ought to be considered for the whole procedure associated with the sales and procurement. Specialized determinations of the Hitachi Vortex Silicon Drift Detectors are that it must have a round and hollow Snout. The length of the nose ought to be 638 millimeters. The locator must be Ultra High Vacuum perfect with dynamic identification zone of at least 500mm2. The unit must be usable indoor/open air with 12. 5 ?m window. The locator must work with power supplies working at 220-240 volts. Subject matter Required The â€Å"bodies of knowledge†, for this venture comprises of contracting, fund, building, coordinations, lawful, test and assessment and quotes as recognized by Engelbeck (2002). The specialized topics are as delineated underneath: Contracting aptitude will be required since it will encourage the determination procedure of a temporary worker or merchant of Silicon Drift Detectors. The ability incorporates relational abilities that will improve the way toward managing the client and the provider. This will help create trust among the securing group. The drafting of the agreement will turn out to be simple comparative with the task needs. Hazard assignment will be handily recognized in overseeing already to make the arrangement effective. Money related ability will be required for the undertaking in building up the financing terms and spending plans identified with the venture. This skill will encourage the valuation of the undertaking at the significant cost to be considered for sales. Building skill will be required since it will encourage the characterization of specialized specifications required for the current venture. References for in any event three effectively fabricated, amassed, tried and conveyed single-component locators with comparative complexities as the cited item should be given. Coordinations is a focal piece of the undertaking since it indicates the things and timings for the venture conveyance. It will likewise encourage the control of the stock and related expenses to be successful in controlling additional expenses. Any undertaking under FAR ought to be consolidated to the law administering the circumstance thus Legal contemplations will be basic as the terms and conditions must be adjusted to FAR. Test and assessment are as significant as some other thought since inability to make principles for the venture will make it difficult to make adequacy in the undertaking. Assessment is critical to be considered as it will encourage the future course of activities. Quotes are basic as they present the main concern of venture. All the financials identified with this task depend on quotes. The quotes are a basic factor to the assessment of the quality measures. Association of Team Members Contemporary, the coordination of colleagues is major to obtain the cited item with the necessary determinations to adequately finish the procedures and activities on schedule. The commitment of every part in the group will make collaboration. Their quality during the undertaking will go about as a positive vitality for group achievement. The contribution of each colleague depends on their subject matter: The end client is the complete colleague. For this situation, the end client is the staff at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The staffs speak to the Department of Energy which offers significant asset for the Silicon Drift Detectors being obtained. The Program Manager will settle on sure that the following understanding meets the long-and short-extend prerequisites of the project’s strategic that the structure produce the proposed outcomes. The contracting officials will ensure that all agreement exercises consent to pertinent laws, guidelines, official requests, and other material measures including endorsements and clearances. Budgetary directors will guarantee the arrangement of data required by the group to make choices on the measure of cash accessible. The lawful direction will guarantee consistent arrangement of direction identified with lawful consistence and understanding of guidelines and laws. All colleagues will offer vital and consistent help all through the venture lifecycle. Steps for Solicitation Completion There are various advances that will be applied to ensure that the requesting notice is clear, finished, and precise preceding accommodation for posting on the FedBizOpps. gov Website. Preceding conclusion of the draft requesting, the official accountable for contracting may give a draft sales to get questions and remarks from a gathering of potential (yet not qualified) up-and-comers before discharging the last sales. This will assist with bettering refine the sales and explain any ambiguity. Posting the draft requesting will permit trade with industry as questions, recommendations, redresses and remarks that can improve the last sales. The contracting official will likewise ask for a survey of the draft requesting by the direction and task official in amicability with techniques before discharge. Upon audit, the contracting officials should then look for and acquire the finishing up endorsement from the organization initiative (Gouder, 2007). The most effective method to refer to The Acquisition Team, Papers

nothing special

nothing special Everyone is up late this weekend studying for finals. Im immersing myself in math, but I think I now deserve a good nights rest. After all, its Sunday. :-) It will be fun to spend the summer at MIT. Summer housing is available to basically any continuing undergrad the cost is less than a normal semester read more at http://web.mit.edu/housing/undergrad/summer.html. Some folks choose to spend summers at fraternity or sorority houses, whether or not they actually are members, because the costs are often far lower than official MIT housing. If you already live in a dorm, chances are that you can move into your fall room assignment for the summer. At least thats how it works at East Campus. If you dont want to stay here for the summer, theres also something called early return, where you get to come back a couple weeks early in the fall for free, in exchange for helping out with dorm rush and move-in activities. More information at http://web.mit.edu/housing/undergrad/er.html. In other news, I am having my wisdom teeth taken out next month. :-(((( Sleeptime. (While weekends are nice, they can be somewhat irritating at times, because the machine of the working world stops. If youre waiting for a meeting to be scheduled or for some bureaucratic development, its like you have to wait for this two-day pause to relieve itself.)

Global financial crisis-causes and remedies - Free Essay Example

Introduction After the collapse of the twin towers and the tech bubble the American economy was in dire need of a stimulus. The Fed under Alan Greenspan reacted to this crisis by pumping liquidity into the system. This response would have worked well under normal circumstances, since it helps in the growth of the economy, however since due to previous overinvestments in the economy the extra money was not put to productive use. The central role that finance plays in upholding the American economy led to the collapse of a few financial institutions imperilling the economic system of the country and eventually the world. Americas financial system failed in its two crucial responsibilities: managing risk and allocating capital leading to the current global recession the world in facing today. ( Stiglitz, 2008 ). This essay is structured in four parts , the first dealing with the background of the preceding years leading to the crisis. The second part tackles the causes of the financial crisis followed by the solution that can be adopted by the United Kingdom to prevent a recurrence of such a crisis in the future. The final paragraph of the essay is the conclusion that concentrates on the global cooperation that is essential for this financial crisis. The Post Industrial Society: The paradigm shift from an industrial society to a post industrial one had a major implication on the global crisis that was about to come. This resulted in a majority of the labour force being involved in the service industry rather than in the manufacturing sector. The structure of the capitalist economy was altered because more than 60% of the workforce today is employed in the service sector and less than 10% in the agriculture and manufacturing sector. This impacted the employment relationships between the large corporations and the millions of blue collared workers in the country. The long-term mutual obligations of old were replaced by expectations of more temporary attachments ( Davis,2009,p.28 ).The practice of off-shoring to countries offering cheap labour that began during that time also aggravated the problem further. This shift was reflected in the eventual bankruptcy of large auto manufacturing industries in the country. The rise in pension funds: During the 1980s most companies provided pensions to their employees through a system of defined-benefit plans that paid retirees benefits according to their tenure with the company ( Davis, 2009, p. 31 ).This changed in the early 1980s with the 401 ( k ) plan in which employees were responsible in making investments based on the options offered to them by the corporations. This change helped promote the development of mutual funds as an attractive investment option. This system came to be known as defined-contribution pension plans and resulted in the mutual fund companies becoming the most prominent owners of corporate America ( Davis , 2009,p.32 ).These companies were shareholders in many of the companies and this resulted in a complex interconnected financial system which would have severe repercussions later on the American economy. Securitization: The traditional model of banking was replaced by a system called securitization which meant that assets were turned in securities and traded in the market ( Davis,2009,.35). Securitization inthemortgage market involvesthepoolingofmortgages into mortgagebacked securities (MBSs) in whichtheholderof these securities is entitled to some fractionofalltheinterest and principal paid out bytheportfolioofloans. Someofthese securities are straight passthrough, while others are collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) or collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) in whichthepools are trenched and cash flows get paid out according to some priority structure ( Archarya and Richardson, 2009,p.62 ).Mortgage backed bonds were the best form of this system. This resulted in a tangled financial system in which there was little differentiation between traditional commercial banking and the investment banks that sprouted later. Everything from student loans to life insurance schemes got involved in the com plex American financial system. Because of this system individuals as well as corporations got entangled and were caught in the web of this financial world and were to be affected when the financial crisis hit the economy. Subprime problem : the 2008 financial collapse originated with a political effort to expand mortgage lending to consumers who could not meet normal standards of creditworthiness ( Yandle,2010,p.346 ).In an attempt to make home ownership more affordable interest rates were lowered for potential buyers and in many cases there were no checks initiated to see whether the customer was financially capable of repaying the loan. The risk assessment methods that were used by the banks were deeply flawed under this system. Borrowers were told not to worry about paying the ever mounting debt, because house prices would keep appreciating.( Stiglitz, 2008 ). However the housing bubble crashed and this resulted in a lot of home owners unable to payback the loan and the financial institutions also unable to profit from the assets that they held. Because these mortgages were ingrained and were at the core of the American financial system it resulted in a subprime mortgage problem causing the crash of the entire econom y. Proposals to prevent recurrence of financial crisis: The policies and measures that should be adopted to avoid another crisis should focus on macro and micro issues that have arisen due to the crisis. The micro management involves supervision of individual institutions and banks, whereas the wider policies at the national level should tackle the systemic problem in the financial sector in the country. Regulation of the financial sector: The framework for ensuring efficient regulation should be based upon curbing the unnecessary risk taking incentives that caused the crisis. Given their inherently high leverage andtheease with whichtherisk profileoffinancialassets can be altered, banks andfinancialinstitutions have incentives to take on excessive risks ( Archarya et al,2009, p.110 ). A strong governance from the Financial Services Authority in the UK should be adopted to prevent such practices. This should be coupled with a stringent internal governance system adopted by the financial institutions themselves to prevent collapse and bankruptcy. Because of the global scale of this problem, in terms of the British context it will be easier to implement this type of regulation if it supports the development of a single financial market within the EU. Irregularity in the implementation of regulations between the different member will undermine the effectiveness of the regulatory proposals (European Union Committee, 2008, p.11 ). State aid in the financial crisis: The bailout that has been a major government intervention as a measure to prevent the spread of the crisis. These have included nationalisation as well as recapitalisation of banks and in some cases purchase of the defaulted assets by the government. However it must be understood that these practices must not serve as an encouragement to the financial institutions to return to their old practices. This federal policy of providing aid should not encourage a recurrence of inefficient risk management decisions by firms (Poole,2007,p.149 ). The other step that should be taken by the government is too avoid infusing the economy with too much liquidity. As a lender of the last resort the government must ensure that such a solution may in fact prolong the solvency crisis. Control of the shadow banking sector: The financial crisis has been a problem of traditional banks as well as shadow banks. The government should ensure that financial trading between such institutions must be controlled. The toxic loans that these institutions dealt in should not be allowed to be spread this time around. Along with traditional banks there should be efficient regulation of the bad accounting practices and poor underwriting standards in such lending institutions within the UK by the FSA. Along with such macro policies individuals brokers should also be supervised as a micro management of this crisis. Conclusion: Given the global nature of the financial crisis the solutions that must be adopted should on a global level. Individual nations must not retreat form an international solution and try to implement regional policies. This will prove to be a setback than a way forward in tackling this problem. Consumers as well as institutions that thrive on interaction within the financial network will be thwarted by such efforts. Transparency between the various regulatory and financial bodies should also be encouraged to prevent another crisis. Involving global partners and seeking multi lateral solutions are critical if we are to reach a common goal of financial stability in the near future.

Slippery Slope of Global Warming - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 497 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Global Warming Essay Did you like this example? The definitive outcome of global warming is not cut and dried as is evident in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report released earlier this month but it is increasingly clear that temperature increases of 2C will have potentially catastrophic effects on the human condition. This slippery slope, which is dismissed by US President Donald Trump, who continuously rejects the undeniable consensus amongst mainstream scientists regarding climate change, clearly adversely impacts the quality of life of people and things are only poised to get worse. In order to stop the inevitable disastrous outcomes of global warming beyond 1.5 C, the IPCC substantiates the contentions through qualitative and quantitative research which painfully establishes the potential high cost on the overall human condition. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Slippery Slope of Global Warming" essay for you Create order The IPCC report focuses on the impact global warming will have on humans if climate change is kept in check at 1.5C or is allowed to climb to 2C. The impact on virtually every component of the human condition if left unchecked and rises to 2C is staggering. As a whole, global warming will diminish food supplies, increase morbidity and mortality, harm biodiversity and the environment, and arguably lay the foundation for quelling current global efforts towards democratization around the world (2 STEHR). If not mitigated in the near term, the long and far reaching implications of global warming will be difficult, at best, to rectify as its deadly consequences, take for example the recent devastation caused by Hurricane Michael, one of the most ferocious in US history. (1 FREEDMAN) The irony is that by exceeding a temperature increase of 1.5C the most pronounced victims will be the people who are the least offenders, having a small footprint in terms of anthropogenic emissions. It will be disenfranchised people, the poor who are reliant on farming and aquaculture. Not only will their food and water supplies diminish, vector-borne diseases, such as malaria will flourish and biodiversity, which is core to all human’s healthy existence will be grossly impacted. According to the report, in the next 32 years alone, the number of people exposed to climate-related risks and susceptible to poverty could be limited by up to several hundred million if global warming was limited to 1.5 °C (B5.1. pg. 12) Scientists at the Massachusetts institute of Technology also found that if not stopped, conditions by the end of the century could lead to extreme heat in certain regions (e.g. the Persian Gulf to South Asia to China) that would be capable of killing a healthy person within six hours.   Conclusion In conclusion, the time is now to act to contain global warming. According to the report and other sources, though contested by some, it is advantageous for industrialized nations to act. It would not be altruistic but rather economically strategic acting as a catalyst for continued technological advancements regarding, for example, clean energy. The report relays various options to contain and mitigate the trend, from ensuring net zero CO2 emissions to potentially non-CO2 radiative forcing to negative CO2 emissions.

Taking a Look at Bullying - 624 Words

Bullying Bullying in schools was perceived to be a normal part of adolescent, however, when people begin to have this mentality, they forget that bullying is physically and psychologically harmful to both the bully and the victim. Bullying was known as an unfortunate cycle of adolescents and for many years have been dismissed as a passage of growing up. But not until tragic events have led to believe that bullying has a greater impact on a child’s life what first were playful jokes it has led to traumatic experience and at some cases death. According to John Cloud a writer of the Times magazine a 17-year-old named T.J. Lane was supposedly seen in a high school outside of Cleveland with a gun. The crime scene was Chardon High School cafeteria where it was reported that Lane fired 10 shots. According to report five students were hit and three were dead. Leaving people asking what would prompt a 17 year-old to do such a malicious crime. The answer may lie in T.J’s childhoo d. Lane looked like a friendly guy who had a great social life and who even had a ton of friends on his social media accounts. But behind the lovable personality lied the hardship of his childhood. Both of his parents were arrested for domestic violence, this forced Lane to live with his grandparents. It is unfortunate that T.J. could not find people that could help him with his situation and now he will pay for his actions. But there is another extreme to this bullying crisis, according to DeborahShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Bullying710 Words   |  3 PagesBullying is not just punching someone in the face or calling people names, it is more than that. (bullying must stop - Bullying In General) Bullying takes form in many ways. All of the examples include physical, verbal, indirect, social alienation, prejudicial, sexual and cyber bullying (bullying.about.com). Did you know that an estimated 200 million children and youth around the world are being bullied (Facts and figures a bout bullying - Kidspot Australia. It is very true that too many peopleRead MoreTaking a Look at Bullying690 Words   |  3 Pagesaround, others are actually insecure.†says U.S. Department of Health Human Services â€Å"Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time.†says U.S. Department of Health Human Services. Both kids who are bullied and who bully others may have serious, lasting problems.† bullying needs to stop it’s not good for the bully and the person getting bullied.bullyingRead MoreTaking a Look at Bullying676 Words   |  3 Pagesis known around the world as a bully. Bullying has become a big problem in the U.S. as days go by it seems like there is nothing that can stop this problem. There are different types of bullying and different places that bullying can occur. There is physical bullying, ve rbal bullying, relational aggression, cyber bullying, sexual bullying, and prejudicial bullying. But the most common ones are physical bullying, cyber bullying, and relational bullying. Bullying can also occur in different places likeRead MoreTaking a look at Bullying712 Words   |  3 PagesIn today’s society bullying has become a major issue that the kids in America are facing. Over the years, this issue has evolved from bullying verbally to cyberbullying. With the increase in use of technology children are beginning to use internet sites such as Facebook, twitter, and Instagram to judge other peers. With issues beginning on the internet they are also bringing them with them into the schools, workplaces, and many other local places. The cyberbullying is causing emotional problems throughoutRead MoreTaking a Look at a Bullying Case884 Words   |  4 PagesEducation Association 160,000 children miss school every day in fear of other students. â€Å"1 of 7 students in grade K-12 is either a bully or a victim of bullying.† After conversing with an educator who worked in a school in the rural part of the state I have learned that bullying differs between rural and urban areas. In rural areas sexuaity drives bullying more than in urban areas, gender roles are more valued in remote areas. The educator had observed that adolescents that haven’t yet discovered theirRead MoreHow Children Being Bullied Can Not Only Affect Them1021 Words   |  5 PagesWhen one thinks of bullying, they usually associated it with the phrase, â€Å"Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me† those â€Å"sticks and stones† may not only just break those bones, but can undoubtedly leave a lasting impact on a person and make those hateful words and actions hurt that much more to a point that the person would not know how to deal with them. Bullying has become a problematic issue in today’s society, especially where school ag e children is concerned. BulliesRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Students Within The School System920 Words   |  4 Pagesor children carry. Bullying. Bullying over the course of the years still plays a role in the education system. Although the form of bullying has changed from the past to now, it still has an effect on students within the school systems. In the past there was the physical form of bullying where â€Å"jocks† would push the â€Å"nerds† into lockers or their books out of their hands. Another typical term used by bullies that anybody can recognize is, â€Å"give me your lunch money,† but bullying has evolved over theRead MoreBullying Essay Bullies718 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"No one heals himself by wounding another† according to St. Ambrose. I agree with this quote, putting someone else down doesn’t pick you up. Taking your insecurities and judging someone else on it doesn stop making you insecure. In my view, besides physic al violence, the worst thing a person can do is bully another person. In support of this, bullying prevents people from living a normal life, can lead to self-harm, and may involve trouble with the law. All three of those are serious effects fromRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying1366 Words   |  6 PagesKyle McBrady Ms. Coyle English 2A (3) 9 December 2014 Bullying Leading to Violence Bullying is when a person abuses his power to another person by causing physical or mental harm to the victim who is often weaker, says Dictionary.com (Bullying). This definition can be applied to a recent story in The Washington Post, where bullying caused a student by the name of Jaylen Fryberg to shoot his friends in a lunchroom cafeteria. Jaylen and his girlfriend had recently broken up and she began cyberbullyingRead MoreEssay on We Must Confront Bullying As a Nation722 Words   |  3 PagesAnyone who has been bullied knows that pretending as if the perpetrator does not exist is virtually impossible. In fact bullying is a serious matter that we as a society must confront and strive to abolish. Since bullying can occur in a variety of ways, one must first understand its nuances to recognize that bullying is taking place and then realize the gravity of bullying. Bullying affects an entire community of kids. A single student who bullies can have a wide-ranging impact on the students, not

Should Tobacco Smoking Be A Public Health Issue - 2572 Words

In the essay I am going to discuss about one public health issue that has reached the Australian government policy agenda, I would also be talking about the policy reactions to this issue by the federal government. Here I am going to write about tobacco smoking as a public health issue that has caused the federal government to get involved on the issue of smoking and policies that has put into place to minimize/curb its hazards. Cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit that is every addictive and causes health problems not only to those who are involved in the habit but also to those who are around them. Tobacco smoking kills more people than alcohol, cocaine, crack, heroin, homicide, suicide, car accidents, fires and AIDS combined. Smoking†¦show more content†¦Although most habitual smokers are still not convinced on why they should stay away from smoking. Well besides the fact that it can kills as mentioned above, it stains the teeth, it makes clothes, car, and home smell like cigarettes. It also makes non-smokers uncomfortable and bothers them because perceive/inhale the smoke too and studies have shown that perceive smokers are more at risk to tobacco smoking. People who don’t smoke don’t have to inhale tobacco smoke. Any smoke that is emitted by a cigarette that is not inhaled goes into the air. Once these toxins are in the air, they are free to corrupt non-smoker lungs too. Second hand smoke it is called. Second hand smoke causes non-smokers to get the same smoking related diseases and cancers as smokers. In my own view this is actually wrong and unfair. Smokers are actually harming and killing innocent people. Nicotine is widely considered one of the most addictive drugs in the world. It is an economically important family of flowering plants. The family range from annual and perennial herbs to vines and include a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds and ornamentals. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and are highly toxic. It is used as stimulant drug which is present in various edible plants. It was widely used as insecticides in the past. An average cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed nicotine, the substance acts as a

Essay on James Joyces quot;The Deadquot; - 964 Words

James Joyces short story The Dead deals with the meaning of life. This title is significant and enhances several aspects of the story. First of all, it reveals that the characters are unable to be emotional. They are physically living but emotionally dead. Second of all, it contributes to the main subject of the story, Gabriels epiphany. The title contributes to these aspects of the story by adding meaning and acting as a reminder of the overall theme of the story. The title, The Dead, reveals the difference between how the people appear to be and who they really are. All the people at the party appear lively, but inside, these people are dead. Dead in this context implies that they are emotionally dead, but also that they†¦show more content†¦Another example where the characters are dead occurs where they talk about an order of monks who sleep in their coffins. These monks actually act as a metaphor for the characters. While discussing why the monks do this, the reason is given that it was the rule; that was all (Joyce 871). This statement shows the ability to accept something because it is a rule without even understanding the real purpose and parallels the acceptance of social rituals by the characters. They each act the way they do because it is the rule. The characters also call the monks very good men (Joyce 871). This represents that the characters see the blind acceptance of these social rituals as a good thing. This metap hor illustrates the characters as empty and meaningless. It is also noted that the monks do not speak to each other. This is also true about the characters. They do not really interact with each other out of this ritual. The only difference between the characters and the monks is that the monks have a greater purpose for their actions. This emphasizes how self-involved the characters are. It is also relevant that each of the characters in the story seem to feel they are superior and able to control their lives. The title The Dead is a reminder to the reader that these characters are wrong.Show MoreRelated James Joyce Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pages In selecting James Joyces Ulysses as the best novel of the twentieth century, Time magazine affirmed Joyces lasting legacy in the realm of English literature. James Joyce (1882-1941), the twentieth century Irish novelist, short story writer and poet is a major literary figure of the twentieth-century. Regarded as quot;the most international of writers in English ¡K[with] a global reputation (Attridge, pix), Joyces stature in literature stems from his experimentation with English prose. InfluencedRead MoreEssay on James Joyce1722 Words   |  7 Pages James Joyce nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;James Joyce, an Irish novelist and poet, grew up near Dublin. James Joyce is one of the most influential novelists of the 20th century. In each of his prose works he used symbols to experience what he called an quot;epiphanyquot;, the revelation of certain revealing qualities about himself. His early writings reveal individual moods and characters and the plight of Ireland and the Irish artist in the 1900s. Later works, reveal a man in all hisRead MoreEssay on Guilt, Duty, And Unrequited Love2223 Words   |  9 Pages Guilt, Duty, and Unrequited Love: Deconstructing the Love Triangles in James Joyce’s The Dead and Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure amp;quot;It’s no problem of mine but it’s a problem I fight, living a life that I can’t leave behind. But there’s no sense in telling me, the wisdom of the cruel words that you speak. But that’s the way that it goes and nobody knows, while everyday my confusion grows.amp;quot; --New Order, Bizarre Love Triangle, from Substance, 1987 Most people who have watched

Ap Biology Lab 1 Questions Free Essays

AP Biology Lab 1 Ross Lordo Introduction Questions 1. The solute potential would be -2. 48. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Biology Lab 1 Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the concentration inside the cell is . 15 M, then would diffusion out of the cell and into the solution of . 1 M. This is due to water potential and the tendency for water to move from areas of high water potential to low water potential. 2. The turgor pressure must be equal to the water potential if there is no net diffusion. The cell and environment have reached equilibrium and the movement of water is equal on both sides. Getting Started 1. Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. The difference between kinetic energy and potential energy is the kinetic energy is the energy of an object that is already in motion and potential energy is the energy possessed by an object at rest. Potential energy is stored energy, while kinetic energy is energy being exerted. 2. Temperature can affect the rate of diffusion. If the temperature is colder, the rate of diffusion is much slower as a result of all particles becoming closer together. If the temperature is warmer, there is much more energy present and therefore allows for the diffusion to take place at a fast rate. The distance a molecule needs to travel across the membrane can also affect the rate of diffusion. If the distance across the membrane is large, then the rate of diffusion will be much slower and vise versa. 3. A high temperature can speed up the diffusion process by providing more energy for the molecules and also for eliminating in double bonds in the phospholipid membrane. A low temperature will decline the rate of diffusion, as the particles will have less energy. The distance travelled will also affect diffusion rates. The longer the distance, the slower the diffusion is going to take place. The shorter the distance, the quicker the rate of diffusion 4. Gradients offer a pathway for molecules to go in and out of the cell. Many molecules are to big to fit through the semipermeable phospholipid membrane and these gradients allow these large molecules to be able to cross through the cell. 5. Most cells are small because diffusion can take place at a quicker rate. The convolutions allow for more space to be able to be used in order to get molecules across the membrane. These small cells allow for materials to quickly be able to reach the cell membrane and get in or out of the cell, without having to make a long journey from an inside part of the cell. . Water will move out of the cell. The high water potential means there is little solute in the cell and more in the outside environment. In order to balance these concentrations, water moves out of the cell and creates equilibrium with the environment. 7. If saltwater is applied to a plant, the plant would shrivel up and die. This is a result of the water moving out of the cells in order to try to balance the concentration of solute compared to inside the c ell. The water movement out of the cell would cause the cell to shrink and the lack of water would eventually cause the plant to die. 8. A plant can control its turgor pressure through its central vacuole and cell wall. If a great amount of water is inside the cell, the central vacuole will take in some of the water to take some of the pressure of the cell wall. The cell wall can also eliminate water from making its way into the cell. The would cause the cell to keep expanding, but slowly eliminate its excess water. How to cite Ap Biology Lab 1 Questions, Essay examples

Vulnerable Populations free essay sample

Vulnerable Populations The chronically mentally ill are people that suffer from one of many diseases that affect the brain. The brain is the most complex of human organs. The cause of being mentally ill is unknown, but there are most likely many different reasons. There is no cure for being mentally ill but there are many effective treatments that one can get. In history, there have been several movements to try and deinstitutionalize many mental health facilities. The goal for many mental health facilities is rehabilitation which helps integrate them back into the community. The chronically mentally ill are hardly ever successfully rehabilitated or integrated back into the community. The main goals of mental health facilities are usually focused on what the institution wants instead of what the resident wants. Symptoms of chronic mental illness are distorted perceptions, loss of contact with reality, delusions, hallucinations, confused thinking, unstable and inappropriate emotions, bizarre behavior and impaired judgment. We will write a custom essay sample on Vulnerable Populations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is social awareness that can be achieved from chronically mentally ill people. There is definitely not enough being done for the chronically mentally ill patient and many systems need to work in conjunction with each other to improve the existing social support systems. The opinion of the chronically mentally ill in todays society has stayed the same over many years. The essential changes in treating chronic mental illness as compared with chronic physical conditions make the rehabilitative programs much more compound. The importance of enhancing the social support networks of chronically mentally ill people was reaffirmed in 1986, hen the Southern Regional Education Board published the results of an NIMH- funded study containing guidelines for assessing and improving the effectiveness of mental health case management personnel (David E. Biegel, Elizabeth M. Tracy, Kenneth N. Corvo). This report stated the need for case managers to be informed and know about informal support systems such as churches, social clubs, self-help groups, families and neighborhood leaders. They should also know hot to establish community resources for the chronically mentally ill. In 1955, three out of every four people that received mental health care were treated as inpatients. Today, three out of every four people that receive mental health care are treated as outpatients (David E. Biegel, Elizabeth M. Tracy, Kenneth N. Corvo). The history of treatment for the chronically mentally ill was once individuals that were locked up and forgot about, to the emergence of state mental hospitals, to community mental health facilities and deinstitutionalization. The treatment for the chronically mentally ill today is now ncreased family support, trans-institutionalization and shunting into the criminal system. The chronically mentally ill need inpatient care, shelter and socialization. Another important factor mostly forgotten with the chronically mentally ill is evaluation and reevaluation of what treatments have or have not worked for them specifically in the past. This should include identifying the medications to which the patient and his family members have responded in the past, remembering that members in the same family are usually responsive to the same medication.

Starbucks Csr free essay sample

Starbucks values and respects the diversity of its culture. [1] Starbucks partners (the employees) are sought out and engaged to create a business environment as diverse as the communities and customers they serve. 1 As evidence to their non-discriminatory practices, Starbucks has earned a 100% rating from the Human Rights Campaigns Corporate Equality Index for the past 4 year. [2] This rating assesses what companies are fair and non-discriminatory towards LGBT employees and potential employees. 2 In addition to non discriminatory acts towards employees, Starbucks is also working to develop diversity within its suppliers, trying to increase business with minority and women owned suppliers. 1 Accessibility Starbucks is working towards making its stores as well as its workplace accessible to all people with disabilities. [3] They are working towards removing all barriers through the lowering of hand-off counters where customers obtain their drinks, and by publishing a braille brochure that is currently only in distribution in US stores. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Csr or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Starbucks is also looking to broaden the inclusion of disabled people into the workplace through the Starbucks Access Alliance, a forum of current partners looking at how operations can change to become more accessible. [4] Environmental Issues Recycling Most of the waste generated by Starbucks stores occurs behind the scenes in the form of cardboard boxes, milk and syrup jugs, and coffee grounds. [5] The success rate of recycling these materials relies heavily on the availability of commercial recycling, which are often less inclusive than residential recycling, or unavailable entirely. Starbucks is working with recycling providers, sorting centres, and local government in major cities to increase and improve the availability of recycling opportunities for commercial companies5, and providing interested customers with complimentary used coffee grounds to enrich the soil of their home gardens. 5 The success of reducing waste from Starbucks cups relies on two factors, customer use of tumblers, and the development of recyclable cup solutions. 5 Starbucks encourages the use of tumblers by offering customers a 10? iscount when they bring in their own reusable cup. 5 Starbucks is aiming to serve 5% of it s beverages in reusable mugs or tumblers by 2015, and is working toward that goal with an increase from 1. 5% in 2009, to 1. 9% in 2011. [6] Customers who plan on staying in store can also request that their beverage be served in a ceramic mug. [7] Customer initiative in the use of reusable options saved more than 1. 5 million pounds of paper from landfills in 2011. [8] Green Stores Beginning in 2011, Starbucks is aiming to build all company-owned stores to achieve Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. 8 The goal of obtaining LEED certification is in place to help the company reach its environmental goals and deliver long term operating cost reductions. 8 In the 2011 fiscal year, Starbucks was able to build 75% of new stores to achieve LEED certification. 8 During the construction of these stores 60% less construction waste was generated8 and contractors were required to use minimally toxic methods and practices to improve the air quality of the store. 9] Once open, these stores will require less water and energy to operate8 by using efficient lighting, heating, and air conditioning, Energy Star rated appliances, and water efficient fixtures. 9 While LEED certification only addresses new company-owned stores, Starbucks is continuously looking to improve environmental design practices in all of its stores. 8 Energy Water Consumption Starbucks is working to decrease the energy use and water use in its store by using more efficient practices, appliances, and lighting. Installing LED lighting in it stores, Starbucks is conserving and average of 7% of the energy used before the change. 8 They are working to convert their outdoor signage to LED as well, which would further reduce their electricity use. 8 Although the use of water in their products cant be minimized they are working to minimize the water filtered from their intake by using higher efficiency filter, as well as installing dishwashers and washroom fixtures that are utilize less water. 8 Starbucks is also taking a smaller step by landscaping with draught resistant plants to reduce the need for irrigation. Starbucks acknowledges that they will always require the use of electricity, and so they are also invested in the future of renewable energy. 8 In 2010, Starbucks established the goal of owning owning Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) equivalent to the power used by all of their stores world-wide. 8 In 2011, the company reached was able to purchase RECs equivalent to 50% of the companies energy use, and also began research into the integration of solar energy to their stores. [10] Customer Relationsh ips Community Service Investments

Supplement Essay Sample

Supplement Essay SampleFinding the right supplement essay samples can be tough, but it's definitely doable. In order to start getting the same thing that I'm getting in regards to essay samples, I was willing to spend a little time in order to find what I was looking for. I learned a lot about how to get what I wanted from doing this.I went online and went to see what kind of popular essay examples were out there on the internet. I noticed a few, but they didn't really hold my attention enough to continue going through them. For whatever reason, I just didn't find anything that I found interesting enough to keep looking at.That was when I decided to visit a few sites that making available a supplement that I could use with my essay samples. That way, it would be easier for me to learn as I was reading what I needed to, rather than being thrown off by all the words that weren't what I was looking for. There were some great articles, but I wasn't able to get the ones that I needed.So, I started going through all the different websites and searching for what I was looking for. However, I still wasn't finding anything that I really enjoyed reading. As much as I tried, I was just getting bored.Then I realized that I was spending time and money in the process of looking for different essay sample supplements. It just didn't seem like the right thing to do, so I decided to start looking at other places to find the answers to my questions.After doing a little research, I was able to find a similar kind of site online. This was really helpful because it gave me an idea of what kind of supplement that I was interested in. It helped me choose what I was looking for and where I was going to look for it.Most people make the mistake of going to one site and hoping to see short articles that they are interested in. Not only is this not going to help you decide which essay samples to use, but it will also cause you to be frustrated when you don't find anything that you want to read. The right way to go about finding the supplement that you want is to find a place that offers many different kinds of essays that you can use.Doing research about supplement essay samples can be difficult, but once you have done it, you'll never look back. After you find the right one for you, you'll feel as if you're learning something new every time that you're trying something new. Taking your time in finding a good supplement essay sample can really help you in making sure that you are always learning something new.

Cloning, a Biological Horror essays

Cloning, a Biological Horror essays A. While the cloning of humans may sound good in theory, there are several compelling reasons not to legalize it. A. Cloning is a fairly new field of science 1. Things like Dolly the sheep are soon to become regular breakthroughs 2. Because of creatures like Dolly, governments, religions, and people in general have been thrown into a panic stricken uproar B. A clone is an identical twin that has the exact same genetic makeup as its original 1. This process involves fertilizing an egg, and replanting it into a female for gestation 2. The process is extremely complex and is known to have a very high rate of failure 3. There are detrimental physical and psychological effects on both of the subjects involved in the process C. To attain a healthy cloned subject such as Dolly, one must play a terribly long game of trial and error with many more failures than successes D. People would use cloning as an unsafe way to bypass what comes natural which is sex, to achieve the same results A. The legalization of cloning humans would be an unthinkable idea due to the life that would be lost and the severe outcomes of the process The cloning of humans has its roots planted shallow in the whole scope of scientific history, and is a relatively new field. When most people hear the word clone, they think immediately of Dolly the sheep, but beyond that they cant tell you much more on the subject. However, even with little known about its beginnings in research, cloning had established itself a solid foundation to grow on long before Dolly was made famous by Scottish cell biologist Ian Wilmut. Almost a year before that was Cumulina, a mouse cloned by researcher Ryuza Yanagimachi at the University of Hawaii. Although even from a scientific perspective, the cloning of a mouse was probably a mor...

Informative and Surprising Essay

Informative and Surprising Essay Informative and Surprising Essay Informative and Surprising Essay: Writing One While you are writing informative and surprising essay you have to inform and surprise readers at one and the same time. Well, it is rather simple to understand it with the help of the title of the essay; however, it is not simple to understand what to write in such a kind of essay. We will try to explain you what you have to write your informative and surprising essay about with the help of the example. You see, in order to write a good informative and surprising essay you should speak about some every day activity or about some object you use every day, however, you have to do it from some unusual angel in order to inform the readers and to surprise them with some of the fact they are not aware of. Pick an Interesting Topic for Your Informative and Surprising Essay Writing For example, everyone knows that in order to get rid of moth one has to put some lavender in the place where this moth has found a shelter. However, recently it h as been proved that lavender is the thing, which attracts the moth and does not help to get rid of it at all. It only helps moth to feel itself like at home, sweet home. Make this subject be a topic for your informative and surprising essay and you are really going to inform and surprise your readers a great deal, as almost all the remedies for getting rid of moth are made with the smell of lavender. You see such a paradox! Hope this very example will explain you which informative and surprising essay topic to choose. If still you have some troubles with your informative essay writing, you are welcome to attend our custom essay writing site and to get some more informative and surprising essay ideas. In addition to it, you are going to be offered with hundreds of creative informative and surprising essay topics and informative and surprising essay ideas at our site. Moreover, you may read several informative and surprising essay samples in order to understand how to build your informative essay. All the above-mentioned services are available to you round-o-clock and free of charge. Professional Help With Informative Essays If you do not consider informative and surprising essay writing to be your strong point you can order it online in order not to waste your nerves while writing it. Just tell our representatives about your demands from informative and surprising essay, and you are going to get what you want in the shortest period of time and for the rather moderate price.

Leadership in context 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership in context 1 - Essay Example Many incidents occur in management because of the misconception which arises between leaders in the organization where by they should understand that management is doing things right while leadership is dong the right things. Leadership is very interesting because it does not only have a concern with the management task, but it also explores sociological nature of mankind. Critical Analysis According to Burnes (2009) critical analysis of communication approaches applied in organizational change affects the implementation of organizational in the modern society. This is because the approach involved in change evaluates results to less attention. Change in leadership has always been a characteristic in organizational life though many of the people urge that frequency and magnitude are greater than ever before. Today businesses face an increased challenge of funds in competition in the markets for their inputs. According to Lewis (2011) organization must take in to consideration the dri ving forces and restraining forces for change whereby the driving forces must exceed the restraining forces. Regardless of the challenges and dynamics, the business environment organization must adopt their ethical behaviors and practices in real life time and external conditions. Basing argument with Conant and Ashby philosophy in implementation theory outlines that the research agenda in organizational changes towards contingency includes observing an organizational change initiative by using a different process of models. Again it focuses on identifying and diagnosing how and when to respond to break down changes in an organization. Therefore, ones model to fit in an organization results to strategic questioning in the research agenda by comparing the advantages of organizational model fitness (Wagner 2012). According to Burnes (2004), change has always been a characteristic of organizational life, although many argue that frequency and magnitude of change is now greater than eve r before. The implication of this statement with respect to contemporary understanding of the change process is that, management makes the system of the people and technology flow in a systematic way in day to day life thus making the organization technology to run effectively and efficiently. Basically, according to today’s life, change in leadership is much more in relation to putting more effort in order to change the whole process of management in the organization thus making it move faster and more efficiently (Burnes 2009). Change leadership is more about the people, and their decision making plans according to vision and mission in their project activities. Change in leadership has potential of controlling things in an organization; for example, in today’s world, the talks are always on the side of change in management hence the world does not do much about change in leadership since it is associated with the ways on how to make things move in an orderly manner. It maybe hindered by some the challenges, but the fact is that there is nobody who is perfect in doing the right thing, so it is obviously a big deal in most of the organizations. The goal is often set to minimize the distractions and the impact of change which concerns’ with the driving forces and visions in the organization. Models of Planned Change The models have been highly

Special education _ Deaf_2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Special education _ Deaf_2 - Essay Example Many languages use compounding as a way of forming new words. ASL also uses compounding during formation of new words. A familiar means of creating new words is that of deriving nouns from verbs. In English language, nouns are formed from verbs by adding suffix or changing the stress on a word (example enjoy and enjoyment). In ASL language, changing the movement patterns associated to a verb can lead to formation of nouns. Therefore, forming nouns from verbs, show a similarity between ASL language and English language (Karen, 2002 page 15 lines 9 – 14). In English language, sounds that are used in constructing words are meaningless by themselves, which are similar to the signs used in ASL linguistic. With regard to phonological separation, observation is: in both English speech and sign, there exist inventory of phonological components available as the corner stone of word formation, whether multimorphemic or monomorphemic , but merely in sign is series of such components reserved completely for use in multimorphenic, obtained words, as well as inflected words (Ronnie, 1983 page 135 line 252-257). Signs used in ASL linguistics are constructed from components that are meaningless by themselves and can be combined to form morphemes and words. There are three phonological categories in sign language; hand shape, location and movement that are used to differentiate words with similar signs. Among the major issues which has intrigued linguists is a question of what impact the modality of production/perception has on grammar of language. If at all grammar is viewed as entailing various components, in which modules would modality impacts be observed (Ronnie, 1983 page 226 lines 64-66). In English Language, the word bat and pat differ on the initial sound but have no inherent meaning by their own. Therefore, the pattern of linguistic form is similar in both ASL linguistic and English language (Karen, 2002 page 23 lines 9 – 17). Despite English language and ASL

Politics Essays Organisation Global Governance

Politics Essays Organisation Global Governance Organisation Global Governance Introduction and organisation of work Contemporary international politics have rendered irrelevant the Westphalian order which bestowed sovereign states ultimate authority within a defined territory. This began shortly after the end of the Cold War in 1989. The end of the war gave the hegemonic power; the United States the chance to reform the world along its capitalist ideology. Coincidentally, the animosities suppressed for decades by the Cold War alliances were also released and led to intrastate conflicts. The effects of these post cold war relations led the society to metamorphous into the emerging system of governance. Professor Duffield in his book, ‘‘Global Governance and the New Wars: the Merging of Development and Security’’ postulates that the emerging system is that of a global governance which emanated out of the complexes into a system striving to address the development and security issues. To assess this argument, this paper is divided into five parts. The first part will be used to define key concepts while the second part will evaluate the post cold war changes and trace the erosion of the powers of sovereign states to show the vacuum being filled by global governance. The third part will evaluate the strategic actors of the process and trace the networks of operation adopted by each. The fourth part will examine the process of governance between state and non state actors, identify the approach adopted by the system to contain or neutralise conflict and the concluding part will examine the effectiveness or otherwise of this approach. Definition of Concepts Complex emergency is defined by United Nations agencies as any crisis capable of igniting a conflict-related humanitarian disaster and social dislocation which requires a collective response from the international community (Duffield 2001; 12). Complex emergencies are easily identified by these characteristics; deteriorating central government, ethno-religious conflicts, food insecurity, drought, hyperinflation just to mention a few. These emergencies lead to the displacement and subsequent movement of people (refugees) across national boundaries (Weiss and Gordenker; 1996,67). The clashes between insurgents and government troops in Somalia, the Darfur crises in Sudan and the looming crisis in Kenya following the results of the just concluded elections are examples of complex emergencies. Globalisation is simply the process of increasing interconnectedness between societies such that the event in one region have impacts on people in other parts of the world (Baylis and Smith 2001;8) Duffield defined globalisation as the process of deconstruction and decentralisation of the power and authority of the state. He noted that the growing influence of non state actors, market liberalisation, formation of networks between various actors from the local to global level are stages in globalisation which has given rise to a growing private sector (Ibid;2001,164). Proponents of Neo medievalism opined that the process where states are overlaid, cross-cut and replaced by a range of multilayered public/private arrangements bridging the micro-level, the meso-level and transnational poses a threat to state stability. They predicted a likely replay of the medieval period and its chaos as the modern day state structure in the face of overstretched functions (Cerny; 1998). This neo-medievalism fear is being solved by the emerging system of global governance which Duffield opined that it is an adaptive and selective inclusive system that; ‘‘thrives on creating networks that bridge traditional boundaries, specialism and disciplinesIn response to the new wars and the merging of development and security, innovative strategic complexes-linking state and non-state actors, public and private organisations, military and civilian organisations, and so on (Duffield 2001; 45). You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more Global governance to Weiss and Gordenker is the summation of efforts meant to bring more orderly and reliable responses to social and political issues beyond the capacities of individual states (Weiss and Gordenker; 1999, 12). Finkelstein (1995; 365) defined global governance as governing without sovereign authority with relations that transcend national frontiers. It is simply a new infrastructure of global regulation that has evolved, reaching ever more deeply into the domestic affairs of states and societies (Held and McGrew;2002, 8). Post Cold War Changes During the period before 1970s, state government aspired and provided several welfare services to its citizens. However, the end of the economic boom in the North that began in the 1940s challenged the ability of the state to meet the welfare needs of the populace. Instead of providing more welfare services, the growing inflation led to increased tax which resulted in revolts in Carlifornia, Denmark etc. (Wilson, G. 2000,238 ). While the state was being internally challenged, the end of the Cold War and the raise of capitalist ideology brought external challenges of globalisation to the overstretched states. Free market economy reduced state powers to impose tax or regulate imports and exports. There was also an increase in nationalist separatist movements such as the Irish troubles in Britain, Quebec crisis in Canada, separatist movement in Basque land in Spain, Italian Northern League secession, France has Corsica conflicts to deal with. These conflicts compounded the plight of the sovereign state and resulted in adjustments of state authority. The South was not excluded from these crises but rather had more challenging situations to deal with (Graham, W. 2000). The new wars account for the raise in seceded state in the 1990s. Singapore and Bangladesh were the only countries to succeed in the 40 years before 1989 while the 1990s witnessed the emergent of 10 states. Failed states also became a reoccurring phenomenon in Africa. The on-going Islamic fundamentalism is part of post cold war development that is challenged the essence of sovereign nation-states (Duffield, 1997, 528, 2001,13). Rather than interpreting the new wars as symptoms of a failed modernisation process, Duffield views them as extension of politics between opposing societies which transforms the socio-economic and political sectors of the societies. The new wars and the decline in parallel economy brought about a new socio-economic and political structure in agreement in Duffield notion on wars. This is reflected in the number of countries that subscribed to the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) of the World Bank. This transformed most economies into shadow economies and opened them up to international influence. Donor aid agencies applauded this transformation to conventional international practice by stating that such policies complement their development activities. Part of the reforms of SAP is the privatisation of state owned enterprises to cut down government welfare expenditure. Duffield contends that SAP polices ‘‘accelerated the dismantling of non-viable state patronage networks’’ (ibid; 2001, 150). Privatisation opened state economies to international financial institutions and brought about innovatory reforms. The 1980s was marked with therefore marked with efforts by Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Regan and leaders of the north to roll back the frontiers of state. Their successors also accepted that the time had come to modify state competence as the verbal rhetoric was matched with state reforms. Efforts to salvage the dwindling economies and escalating new wars resulted in a re-interpretation of development and security as interwoven. Tracing the new wars to development crises, raised the awareness that ‘‘poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere’’ and the mergence of development and security efforts. Underdevelopment is now considered dangerous and capable of causing violence and regional instability. This posture is accented by the European Union and other organisations. The EU asserts this fact by stating that development agencies need to take into cognizance the need to balance various interests in the society to legitimise democracy while building peaceful conciliation between various interest groups. (Ibid; 2001, 38) Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work Duffield opined that, post cold war security threat to the North is no longer perceived in terms of interstate conflicts to be defeated through formation of alliance and nuclear deterrence. The new wars blur distinctions between civilians, army and government. The nature of these intrastate conflicts resulted in the formation of network and links between non-territorial states and non-states actors akin to the threat. Instead of military alliances, state governments now team up with NGOs, donor agencies, military organizations and other development partners. Security sector reforms which aims at providing security for people in an effective and efficient manner within a democratic civilian control is now universally pursued. These developments reduced the power of sovereign states to independently resolve all the crises within its territories. While states were losing their competence, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organisation increased their influence as proponents of the emerging liberal economy. The liberal market favoured conglomerates who were now transnational corporations after buying up public enterprises. The formal power the states had to regulate the economy and provide welfare services to the populace were now with the international financial institutions and transnational corporations. In the same vein, the trans-border crises led to a proliferation of community bases and international NGOs. In partnership with each other, these NGOs have a world-wide network advocating for better conditions and providing humanitarian services to people, especially in war torn states. Hence, NGOs became relevant organisation meeting the needs of people while the states were cutting down their public expenditure. To establish a liberal peace through conflict resolution, society reconstruction and establishment of a functioning market, states and non states actors entered into a purpose driven relationship analysed in the following section. Key Actors and Networks of Global Governance To limit global governance to humanitarian intervention, multi-lateral relations and all that without looking at the economic driving force is limiting the entire process. It is common knowledge that the liberalisation policies formulated by the Bretton Wood Institutions set the set for globalisation. The institutions are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The World Trade Organisation (WTO) by virtue of its role in the international financial system partners with the two. These three financial institutions regulate the system of global governance base on their different mandates. The World Bank promotes Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) as the panacea to problems of underdevelopment and fund large scale development projects. The IMF provides loan to interested countries while the WTO sets the rule for free and fair world trade. They work together to open up channels and remove barriers in every country for free flow of trade and investment across boundaries. (Cavanagh and Mander; 2004, 55) The Structural Adjustment Programme, the recipe for development works by devaluing the country’s currency, liberalising markets, eliminating tariff and cutting down government expenditure through removal of price subsidy (Ibid; 2004 ). Though World Bank conditionalities have drawn criticisms from various sectors, it remains the condition for taking development loans. This financial power of the World Bank has spread its influence worldwide, especially in resource poor countries. World Bank loans have contributed to the development of some countries as well as entrapping others. The total debt of all developing countries in 1980 was $609 billion, the amount rose to $2.4 trillion in 2001. This shows the amount committed by the bank to development efforts and the debt burden which has become a string binding third world countries to the bank. (Cavanagh and Mander; 2004, 57). Apart from providing loans to countries, World Bank also issues low-interest loans to transnational corporations to enable them establish control over natural resources. The bank remains a major contributor to global greenhouse emissions. The bank also finances capital intensive development projects in various states. Similarly, the IMF was created to ensure stability in the international financial system. It does this by making balance of payment adjustments and imposing sanctions on erring states. IMF sanction is an effective tool for regulating nation states. In conjunction with the World Bank, IMF work strives to remove protectionism and other government anti-liberal economic policies. The recent ‘comprehensive development framework’ enacted in consultation with the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the Group of Seven (G7) shows the incorporation of state actors in the decision making process. The criticism of the SAP policy has necessities its modification. This shows that the body relies on input from the society to function properly. While it is difficult to list countries that developed on loans and economic prescription from the IMF, the body remains a key actor in the emerging global governance. You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more The 1994 Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) armed the WTO with a strong enforcement system to coordinate fair trade among countries and impose sanction on those exceeding the agreed boundary. This regulatory power is demonstrated in the body’s sanction on the US when the latter tried to impose 100% tariff on certain European exports in retaliation to the 1999 WTO ‘banana wars’(Cavanagh and Mander; 2004. 66). The power to impose sanction, regulate trade and maintain order shows how the system is managed. On-going plans by the WTO to further annihilate territorial barriers include the bid to prohibit government from making policies in banking, media and policy that give local investors preference over their foreign counterparts (Cavanagh and Mander; 2004,69) The same economic arrangement is in the regions by regional banks such as the African Development Bank, (ADB), the Inter-America Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). These banks work with the various finance ministries and Central Banks in their region to tailor economies after the World Bank model. Closely related to that is complimentary change in the commercial sector. Duffield asserts that liberalisation of the economy gives transnational corporations and private security firms economic powers to regulatory the economy and influence government policies. Therefore it is no longer possible for states to have a separate economy as all economies are controlled by transnational companies. Willetts (Baylis and Smith; 2001, 430) observed that government have lost the control of financial flow as demonstrated by the currency crisis of 1980s and 1990s. During this period the dollar, the pound, the French franc and the yen were hapless against the transnational banks The impact of these reforms is felt by countries trying to regulate internal commercial activity. Under unfavourable state economic policies, transnational corporations threaten to move their investments out of the country. Relocating these investments will ignite serious economic problems for the host countries such as unemployment and a fall in the gross domestic products. Governments in their efforts to attract foreign direct investment formulate policies that accommodate transnational companies. Hence a government that imposes least demanding health safety, welfare and environmental standards is an investors’ haven (Baylis and Smith; 2001,431). However, transnational corporations are not a low to themselves. Regulations on their conduct are arrived at between the corporations and the UN, an example is the 1999 UN Global Compact Initiative which deals with issues of labour, human rights and the environment. Transnational corporations also carry out various development projects in host communities under the principle of corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility ensures that corporations make business decisions that meets the ethical, commercial and public expectation of how business should be managed (Garsten, C: 2003, 360). While building alliances with NGOs such as the Amnesty International and Transparency International, some transnational corporations adopted the voluntary codes of conduct and industrial human rights within their governing principles. A recent example of adhering to human rights principles is the recent withdrawal of some products from the market in by GAP, a transnational company following discovery that child labour was used in the production process. Global governance has led to an unprecedented growth in the number of multinational corporations collaborating with the UN, World Bank and other actors of global governance. This resulted to various commitments made by NGOS, IGOs and donor agencies to partnership with the private sector to achieve sustainable development and security. The 1997 UK government White Paper on International Development made a commitment to; ‘‘move away from a narrow relationship based on individual contracts to a broader sharing of approaches to the eradication of poverty, drawing on the extensive skills of the British private sector’’ (Duffield; 2001, 63) . Duffield described this system as one characterised by decentralisation of power, devolution of authority and cooperation in various capacities between states and non states actors, private and public institutions as well as military and civilian establishments. The emerging global governance thrives on establishing networks across boundaries to share information, build synergies of comparative advantage and coordinate actions against contemporary challenges. This accounts for the continuous economic integration and political unification being pursued by regional organisations such as the European Union and African Union albeit weak resistance and hesitation from some member states (Duffield; 1997, 528). The border restrictions have withered away as citizens of any West African country has free access to other West African countries. In Europe, the Euro is now a legal tender within some EU member nations. Talks for common foreign policy and other unifying reforms are in high gear. Despite losing some of its influence in the state due to the emerging global governance, Duffield alludes that ‘‘governments have acquired the ability to project authority through non-territorial and non-state systems’’ (Duffield; 2001, 72). Besides creating conduit for other actors to intervene in troubled zones, state participation legitimises activities of non state actors like NGOs. Governments’ controlled military force remains a sine qua non for peacekeeping. As key actors in global governance, states make up the IGOs, regional organisations, and finance some donor agencies. A case in point is the US President Bush Emergency Plan for Aids Relief in Africa (PEPFAR), a health programme coordinated by the Harvard University in collaboration with local NGOs in Botswana, Uganda and Nigeria. Closely related to that is strengthening of development and security ties between countries in regional, continental and multilateral organisations. Duffield posit that the shortly after the end of the Gulf War, the rise in complex emergencies demanded a system-wide approach to bring succour to the affected people. This led to the creation of the UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) now Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), to mobilise and coordinate aid agencies in emergency situations. In the same vein, regional organisations emerged to prevent occurrence of man made emergencies and alleviate peoples’ suffering during complex emergencies in their regions. While the European Union established ECHO in 1993 for this course, ECOWAS has a Humanitarian and Social Affairs Department manage disaster and coordinate emergency management response team. ECOWAS Department of Defence and Security manage ECOMOG, the military monitoring unit of ECOWAS in conflict areas. Apart from ECOWAS, other African countries group under other regional umbrellas such as the East Africa Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC) Community of Sahel-Sahara States (CEN-SAD) and others. These regional bodies meet periodically in the African Union to foster development and security of each region and Africa as a whole. It is important to note that these bodies strive to partner with state and non state actors to provide succour during emergencies. A case in point is the recent assessment of development and stability of African states conducted by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) with the African Peer Review Mechanism. It is in this light that the African Union in collaboration with UN Global Compact is organising a forum on Africa’s industrial drive: The private sector and corporate citizenship billed for 22 January, 2008. With such trans-border relations’ going on in other regions of the world, to say that a system of global governance is emerging is stating the obvious. Another response to the inability of states to solve world problems is the proliferation of influential NGOs since the 1990s. Duffield compared the current role played by NGO in complimenting government development and security strives with their former subcontractor status to illustrate this steady rise in their activities and influence. Presently, relationships are established as means to an end -sustainable development and security. NGOs have taken over some functions of state governments. For example, the primary education in Sri Lanka was managed by NGOs when the state government collapse during the 1987 civil war while the Bangladesh Rural Action Committee (BRAC) runs 35,000 schools in the country (Weiss and Gordenker; 1996, 30). The World Bank also partner with NGOs to provide capital intensive projects in communities. For example, the bank made provisions for NGO participation in 30% of its projects in 1993. In the same vein, the UN relies on NGOs to provide humanitarian assistance during and after conflict. NGOs managed 40% of the refugees created by the 1991 Kurdish crisis in Iraq while the UN catered for 30% of the refugees (ibid; 1996, 31). Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work During conflicts, UN gets the consent of warring groups to enable humanitarian agents provide aid for civilian in war zone. This negotiated access has increased the influence and efficiencies of NGOs and other humanitarian groups. The common commitment of NGOs to alleviate human suffering makes them intervene in emergencies. This can be through Northern NGOs funding relief efforts via their Southern partners or by direct involvement of local and international. In direct involvement, Northern NGOs build partnership with Southern governments, Southern NGOs and the local affected community (Anderson and Woodrow; 1998, 37). Another pointer identified by Duffield to buttress the rising relevance of NGOs which supports his postulation of emerging global governance is the expanding network of NGOs. This includes platforms such as the Sterling Committee for Humanitarian Response, whose responsibility is to further cooperation among aid agencies. Furthermore, NGOs have become advocates of international reforms preaching the message gotten from field to other players of international politics. The International Federation of Red Cross Societies’ code of conduct governing impartiality and accountability in humanitarian operations has been widely subscribed to by key organisations. Closely related to that, Amnesty International monitors human rights abuses in the states and puts pressure on the state to turn over a new leaf, while Transparency International monitors the socio-economic and political activities in states. It rates state annually from the most corrupt to the least corrupt. This rating goes a long way to determine investments made by transnational corporations in various countries. While the Bretton woods institutions spin the economic wheel of global governance, Duffield asserted that the present liberal system of global governance dashed the expectations of many who following the end of the cold war expected the United Nation (UN) to evolve into a global government. Rather than that happening, the UN remains an important actor in the emerging global governance. As an organisation of all nation states, the UN article 71 empowers its organ the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) to ‘make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organisations which are concerned with matters within its competence’’. Similarly, in 11 paragraphs of principle in ECOSOC Resolution 1296 (XLIV), NGOs that seek consultative status in world affairs must have embrace goals within the UN economic and social scope. It further requires submission of data on the NGO budget and source of funds (Weiss and Gordenker; 1996, 21-22). These provisions enables the UN to play a coordinating role in the emerging system to ensure that non-state actors imbibe and work within the common guiding principles of nation-states enshrined in the charter of the world body. Closely related to the framework of ECOSOC, the UN Department of Public Information maintains a check on the information dissemination of NGOs. (Ibid; 1996, 23) These trends show the importance the UN on behalf of member states attach to network and alliance formation between NGOs and other non-state actors. In practical situations, UN foster cooperation with NGOs base on NGO community based approach which effectively bridges the gap between relief and development. A case in point is the formation of Partners in Action (Par in Ac) by the UNHCR and ICVA to increase the capacity of responding to global refugee crisis and internally displaced persons.(ibid; 1996, 29) To direct global policy towards eradiating the world problems, the UN set a Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by 2015. The MDGs have become the policy thrust for most countries of the Southern hemisphere. Alongside the aforementioned linkages between the various states and non-state actors to combat global crises is the role played private security companies. Duffield asserts that a cordial understanding between the military and civilian exist in global governance. Regular state military are used to police agreed ceasefire and create conduit for aid providers. During intervention when state military is not provided, private security companies are contracted to provide military advice and security for aid workers. Duffield sites an example with when the US based Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI) was contracted to provide military service to the Croatian government in 1994 under the Democracy Transition Assistance Programme, due to UN arms embargo on Croatia. In summation of the various forms and relations among state and non-state actors, it is evident that sovereign states are gradually losing their competence to provide security and development in the new system. However, they have adapted themselves as partners in progress with non-state actors who now provide innovative forms of mobilisation, intervention and systems of material reward in the interests of global governance. (Duffield; 2002 77) You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more Process of Global Governance Base on its definition, global governance is the process of governance which involves state and non state actors working through formal and informal ways to find solutions to the problems of development and security that is beyond the capacity of any individual public or private actor. Interdependent networks of action are formed in the process between all actors from the state level to the regional, continental and global plane. James Rosenau captures this as the degree which authority is formally established to the degree it flows in horizontal and vertical order. (Sending and Neumann; 2006) Hence the variety of actors such as governments, transnational corporations, NGOs and IGOs involve in the process is of major interest. The working arrangement shows that the result of the erosion of state power and the proliferation of NGOs and other actors resulted in the state losing its principal control of governing activities within or across its territories and adapted to the emergent system as a mediator to legitimise the powers of the new actors before its citizens. (Sending and Neumann:2006,655) To assert sovereignty, the bedrock of government, states enact laws to dictate how the country is governed, while global governance replaces law with tactics. Tactics are used to enforce compliance from individuals, groups and the state as a whole (Sending and Neumann: 2006, 656). The conditions set by the Bretton Woods institution to dictate how states run their economy is a strong example of using means rather than laws to achieve set objectives. Sending and Neumann use the Graham Burchell work quoted below to drive home the point; ‘‘offering’’ individuals and collectivities active involvement in action to resolve the kind of issues hitherto held to be the responsibility of authorized governmental agencies. However, the price of this involvement is that they must assume active responsibility for these activities, both for carrying them out and, of course, for their outcomes, and in so doing they are required to conduct t